Stearic acid chemical structure

Figure 9.16 Chemical structure of cutin, a biopolyester mainly composed of interester-ified hydroxy and epoxy-hydroxy fatty acids with a chain length of 16 and/or 18 carbons (Ci6 and C[s class). Also, the chemical strcuture of the aliphatic monomers of suberin, derived from the general fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, namely from palmitic (16 0), stearic (18 0), and oleic acids.

Pesticidal soaps are potassium salts of fatty acids. The most effective soaps are potassium salts of capric (C10), lauric (C12), myristic (C14), palmitic (C16), and stearic (C,8) acids (Ware and Whitacre, 2004). The chemical structure of potassium laurate is as follows ... 

Fig. 1. Chemical structure of phosphonolipids (1) and arsonolipids (2). Arsonolipids (Ars) with R = lauric acid (Cl 2) myristic acid (Cl 4) palmitic acid (C16), and stearic acid (Cl 8) were used for ARSL construction...

Polyunsaturated and oxygenated fatty acids, obtained from triacylglycerols (TAG) of several different plant and animal species, are valuable materials feedstock for value-added products in a variety of industries food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and paints and coatings. The acyl species, their chemical structure, and their most abundant sources are summarized in Table 1. In contrast to inexpensive Cie and Cig saturated and A9-unsaturated acyl groups, such as palmitic (16 0), stearic (18 0), oleic (18 l-9c), linoleic (18 2-9c, 12c), and a-linolenic acid (ALA 18 3-9c, 12c,15c), recovered from the oil of soybean and other common sources, and C4-C16 saturates from palm oil and milk fat, polyunsaturated and oxygenated acids are derived from less common sources, and particularly for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), are typically present at only 20 0% purity. 

The lipid membrane is made up of a variety of fat-derived chemicals, the most important of which are the phospholipids (or lecithins) and ceramides. Phosphatidylcholine (13.7) is a typical phospholipid. The molecular structure is based on glycerol, propan-1,2,3-triol. Two of the alcohol functions are esterified with fatty acids, stearic acid in this case, and the third (one of the primary alcohol functions) with phosphoric... 

Fig. 2 Chemical structures of common nitroxide spin probes Fremy s salt (potassium nitrosodi-sulfonate) TEMPO and derivatives (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl), DOXYL (4,4-dimethyl-oxazolidine-l-oxyl) PROXYL (2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-l-oxyl) Dehydro-PROXYL (2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-l-oxyl) 5-DSA (5-DOXYL stearic acid) 16-DSA (16-DOXYL stearic...

Micelles are composed of amphiphilic block copolymers that self-assemble into spherical shapes of nanometer diameter due to energy minimization with the surrounding solvent. When exposed to a hydrophilic solvent the hydrophilic domains orient toward the solvent, while the hydrophobic domains orient toward the core and form a clump away from the solvent. In a similar manner, when amphiphilic molecules are exposed to a hydrophobic solvent they form micelles with a hydrophobic block on the surface and a hydrophilic block in the core. Micelles thus have a unique core-shell architecture composed of either hydrophobic or hydrophilic blocks depending on the chemical structures and the medium. The hydrophobic or hydrophilic core provides a reservoir for water-soluble or insoluble drugs and protects them from decomposition in order to maintain activity and stability. Stearic acid (SA)-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO-SA) formed... 

Fig. 2.20 Chemical structures of saturated stearic acid, monounsatuiated oleic acid (to-9), and polyunsaturated linoleic (q>-6), a-linolenic (co-3), eicosapentaenoic (q)-3), and docosahexaenoic (co-3) acids. (Authors own work)...

Figure 1. Chemical structure of stearic acid and derivatives (A) Stearic acid, (B) magnesium stearate and (C) sodium stearyl fumarate.

Chemical structures of some of these fatty adds are shown in table 14.4. These fatty acids contain 16 (palmitic acid) or 18 carbon atoms with different amounts of unsaturation. Oleic acid (18 1), linoleic acid (18 2), and linolenic acid (18 3) have one, two, and three carbon-carbon double bonds, respectively. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid that has 18 carbon atoms and does not contain any carbon-carbon double bonds. The conventional designation of this is 18 0. Another fatty acid found in most vegetable oils is palmitic acid, which contains 16 carbon atoms. Palmitic acid also contains no carbon-carbon double bonds and is designated (16 0). 

Fig. 8 Coating of CaC03 with dicarboxylic acids effect of the chemical structure and the amount of surfactant used for the treatment. Oxalic acid (left triangles), sebacic acid (right triangles), stearic acid (squares)...

Wang Z, Zhou J, Wang X, Zhang N, Sun X, Ma Z (2014) The effects of ultrasonic/microwave assisted treatment on the water vapor barrier properties of soybean protein isolate-based oleic acid/stearic acid blend edible films. Food Hydrocolloids 35 51-58 Wihodo M, Moraru Cl (2013) Physical and chemical methods used to enhance the structure and mechanical properties of protein films a review. J Food Eng 114(3) 292-302 Woehl MA, Canestraro CD, Mikowski A, Sierakowski MR (2010) Bionanocomposites of thermoplastic starch reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanofibers effect of enzymatic treatment on mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym 80 866-873 Xu YX, Kim KM, Hanna MA, Nag D (2005) Chitosan-starch composite film preparation and characterization. Ind Crops Prod 21 185-192... 

For example, soap is made by heating a fat with sodium hydroxide solution. The product is a mixture of sodium salts of fatty acids, obtained from the fat. Fatty acids are chemically similar to acetic acid, but they consist of long chains of carbon atoms. Compare the structure of the acetate ion with that of the stearate ion. (Stearic acid is a typical fatty acid.) ... 

FIGURE 40.2 Chemical structures of modified alumoxanes (a) diacryloyl lysine-alumoxane (activated), (b) stearic acid-alumoxane (surfactant), and (c) acryloyl undecanoic amino acid-alumoxane (hybrid). 

Fig. 37.8 Chemical structure of the p-phosphonato-calix[4]arene (a) and suggested binding mode of the p-phosphonate-calix[4]arene embedded in a stearic acid monolayer with arginine residues of basic proteins dissolved in the aqueous subphase (b) (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [53], Copyright 2005, American Chemical Society)...

The mechanistic action of anti-proliferative activity of the mixture of CLA isomers is poorly understood. However, it is, in part, attributed to the alterations in eicosanoid metabolism (27) and/or peroxidation of CLA (7). We believe that eicosanoid metabolism is more strongly altered by tram/tram CLA isomers than cis/tram CLA isomers. The chemical structure of tram/tram CLA isomers closely resembles the straight chain of stearic acid, which is, in turn, preferentially incorporated into the SN-2 position of membrane phospholipids. This might inhibit the process of elongation and desaturation of linoleic acid required for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid, and thus, alter the eicosanoid metabolisms and/or inhibiting phospholipaseA2 activity. Further research looking for the mechanistic action of anti-proliferative activity of individual CLA isomers is under way. 

Figure 1. Chemical structures of a) palmitic acid (16 0) b) stearic acid (18 0) c) arachidic acid (20 0) d) oleic acid (18 1) e) linoleic acid (18 2) f) linolenic acid (18 3).

Figure 1 Chemical structure of the stearic acid spin labels.

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