Steam methanol

Laniecki, M. Kazmierczak-Rosik, K., Steam-methanol reforming over zeolitic materials. In 12th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Bolcich, J. C. Veziroglu, T. N. Eds., Buenos Aires, June 21-25,1998, pp. 661-668. 

Solvents At room or moderate temperature, PBf generally resists aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, greases, oils, pure gasoline, acetone, most chlorinated hydrocarbons, certain alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, phenol Behaviour can be limited or unsatisfactory with certain dilute and concentrated acids, bases, very hot water and steam, methanol... 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and intraperitoneal routes. See also HYDROBROMIC ACID and ACETIC ACID. Violent reaction on contact with water, steam, methanol, or ethanol produces toxic and reactive HBr. When heated to decomposition it emits highly corrosive and toxic fumes of carbonyl bromide and bromine. To fight fire, use dry chemical, CO2. 

DIETHYL TELLURIDE (627-54-3) Pyrophoric liquid. Thermally unstable. Contact with moist air causes spontaneous ignition. Violent reaction with water, steam, methanol, halogens, strong oxidizers. 

Hydrogen from Methanol and Steam. The steam-methanol process which proceeds by the following equation... 

Place a mixture of 17 -5 g. p-chlorobenzoyl chloride (1) and 50 ml. of dry pyridine (Section 11,47,22) in a loosely-stoppered 250 ml. flask and warm on a steam hath for 5 minutes. Pour the reaction mixture upon 100 g. of crushed ice and 50 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The anhydride separates out at once. When the ice has melted sufficiently, filter the mixture by suction. Wash the sohd with 15 ml. of methanol and then with 15 ml. of dry benzene. The yield of crude p-chlorobenzoic anhydride is 14 5 g. Recrystalhse from 250 ml. of dry benzene 13 g. of the pure anhydride, m.p. 192-193°, are obtained. 

Remove most of the methanol by distillation on a steam bath, and dilute the residue with 100 ml. of water. Extract the mixture with ether, wash the upper layer with water, and dry it rapidly with a little anhydrous magnesium sulphate. Remove the ether by flash distillation, and distil the residual pale yellow oil under diminished pressure. Collect the m-nitrobenzyl alcohol at 183-185°/17 mm. it solidifies to a pale yellow solid, m.p. 30°, when cooled in ice. The yield is 13 g. 

Indane-1 3-dione (1 3-diketohydrindene). Method A. To a solution of sodium methoxide, prepared from 6 1 g. of sodium and 200 ml. of anhydrous methanol, add 15 g. of phthalylacetic acid and allow to stand for 1 hour at room temperature collect the yellow precipitate by suction filtration. Mix the yellow solid with 150 ml. of 10 per cent, sulphuric acid, heat on a steam bath until no more carbon dioxide is evolved (15-20 minutes), filter the hot solution and allow to cool. Collect the yellow crystals by filtration at the pump, wash with a httle water and dry at 100°. The yield of crude 1 3-indanedione, m.p. 125-126°, is 7 g. RecrystaUise from hght petroleum, b.p. 80-100°, and thus obtain the pure product, m.p. 129-130°. 

The unit has virtually the same flow sheet (see Fig. 2) as that of methanol carbonylation to acetic acid (qv). Any water present in the methyl acetate feed is destroyed by recycle anhydride. Water impairs the catalyst. Carbonylation occurs in a sparged reactor, fitted with baffles to diminish entrainment of the catalyst-rich Hquid. Carbon monoxide is introduced at about 15—18 MPa from centrifugal, multistage compressors. Gaseous dimethyl ether from the reactor is recycled with the CO and occasional injections of methyl iodide and methyl acetate may be introduced. Near the end of the life of a catalyst charge, additional rhodium chloride, with or without a ligand, can be put into the system to increase anhydride production based on net noble metal introduced. The reaction is exothermic, thus no heat need be added and surplus heat can be recovered as low pressure steam. 

The reaction occurs at essentially adiabatic conditions with a large temperature rise at the inlet surface of the catalyst. The predominant temperature control is thermal ballast in the form of excess methanol or steam, or both, which is in the feed. If a plant is to produce a product containing 50 to 55% formaldehyde and no more than 1.5% methanol, the amount of steam that can be added is limited, and both excess methanol and steam are needed as ballast. Recycled methanol requited for a 50—55% product is 0.25—0.50 parts per part of fresh methanol (76,77). 

A viable electrocatalyst operating with minimal polarization for the direct electrochemical oxidation of methanol at low temperature would strongly enhance the competitive position of fuel ceU systems for transportation appHcations. Fuel ceUs that directiy oxidize CH OH would eliminate the need for an external reformer in fuel ceU systems resulting in a less complex, more lightweight system occupying less volume and having lower cost. Improvement in the performance of PFFCs for transportation appHcations, which operate close to ambient temperatures and utilize steam-reformed CH OH, would be a more CO-tolerant anode electrocatalyst. Such an electrocatalyst would reduce the need to pretreat the steam-reformed CH OH to lower the CO content in the anode fuel gas. Platinum—mthenium alloys show encouraging performance for the direct oxidation of methanol. 

Polymerizations are typically quenched with water, alcohol, or base. The resulting polymerizates are then distilled and steam and/or vacuum stripped to yield hard resin. Hydrocarbon resins may also be precipitated by the addition of the quenched reaction mixture to an excess of an appropriate poor solvent. As an example, aUphatic C-5 resins are readily precipitated in acetone, while a more polar solvent such as methanol is better suited for aromatic C-9 resins. 

Synthesis Gas Chemicals. Hydrocarbons are used to generate synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, for conversion to other chemicals. The primary chemical made from synthesis gas is methanol, though acetic acid and acetic anhydride are also made by this route. Carbon monoxide (qv) is produced by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons or by the catalytic steam reforming of natural gas. About 96% of synthesis gas is made by steam reforming, followed by the water gas shift reaction to give the desired H2 /CO ratio. 

Methane. The largest use of methane is for synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Synthesis gas, in turn, is the primary feed for the production of ammonia (qv) and methanol (qv). Synthesis gas is produced by steam reforming of methane over a nickel catalyst. 

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