Steam autoclave

Extrusion. Extmsion techniques are used in the preparation of tubing, hose, O-ring cord, preforms and shaped gaskets. Typical extmsion conditions are 70 to 85°C for the barrel temperature and 95 to 110°C for the head temperature. The extmded forms are normally cured in a steam autoclave at 150 to 165°C. Some special grades of peroxide curable fluorocarbon elastomers can be hot air vulcanized. 

More specific recipes appear in Table 3. The ingredients are added to the elastomers on standard two-roU mills or in internal mixers. Finished compounds are readily extmded, calendered, or molded in standard equipment. Vulcanisation of extmdates is accompHshed in Hve steam autoclaves, Hquid salt baths, fluidized beds, and microwave equipment. 

Dry heat sterilisation is used for equipment that can withstand high temperature and dry heat but cannot withstand wet or steam autoclave. This method is often used for glassware as it dries and sterilises in one operation. The pipets must be wrapped in dustproof aluminum foil or placed in metal pipette cans. The can lids are removed during heating and replaced after sterilisation, that is before any dust can get in the can. Disposable items are not recommended for dry heat sterilisation. This method may only be good for permanent reusable glass pipettes. 

The USP stipulates a test and limits for alkali extraction from container soda-lime glass (5). Specially prepared double-distilled water is used to extract the glass for one hour at 121 °C in a steam autoclave on a strict cycle program. An aliquot of the extract is then back titrated with... 

The binders are silica, lime, slag, or cement. The balls are somewhat dried, if necessary, and then cured in steam autoclaves. During the hydrothermal treatment lime and silica react to form hydrosilicate gels, which act as binders. 

Hardening is effected by carbonation instead of by steam autoclaving. 

Several ion-exchange methods are also known that offer efficient recovery of lithium from its ores. In such processes, ore is heated with an acid, or its sodium or potassium salt, at moderate temperatures between 100 to 350°C. Often an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt such as sodium carbonate is employed which is heated with the ground ore in a steam autoclave. Lithium ions are liberated into aqueous solution from the silicate complex, exchanging hydrogen, sodium or potassium ions. 

If anti-peptide antibodies are used the detection sensitivity is often increased if the humid membrane is treated in a steam autoclave at 120 °C for 30 min before blocking (Swerdlow PS, Finlay D, Varshavsky A... 

Component sterilizers steam sterilization process. A steam autoclave is used at ABC Pharmaceutical Industries to sterilize equipment and components used in aseptic processing. The following system description... 

Rubber lining is the skilled application of unvulcanized rubber sheets to prepared metal surfaces. The lined equipment is then vulcanized in a steam autoclave, fully bonding the rubber to the metal surface creating a durable and resilient protective rubber coating. 

Un-vulcanized NR material that can be vulcanized in the workshop with pressurized steam (autoclave). Applied with the two-layer adhesive system. 

Polypropylene (PP) films were first produced by extrusion casting. Polymer is extruded through a slit or tubular die and quenched by cooling on chill rolls or in a water bath. Cast films can be sealed over a wide range of temperatures and do not shrink in a steam autoclave, Polymers with melt flow rates below 5 dg/min are usually used to maintain the stability of the extra date. Higher clarity films are produced using random copolymers. 

The standard procedure by Saeman et al. (I) involves manual stirring of the polysaccharide with 72% H2S04, standing at 30°C, and secondary hydrolysis at 100° or 120°C in a steam autoclave. While certain resistant polysaccharides are still incompletely depolymerized, decomposition of the more sensitive monosaccharides formed cannot be avoided. An alternative method by using trifluoroacetic acid was applied successfully for plant cell wall polysaccharides by Albersheim et al. (2) and for dissolving pulps and hemicelluloses by Fengel et al. (3). Highly crystalline cellulose was not well dissolved and not completely hydrolyzed by CFsCOOH. 

APPENDIX I EXAMPLE PROTOCOL FOR VALIDATION OF THE STERILIZATION PROCESS IN A STEAM AUTOCLAVE... 

This procedure applies to all steam autoclaves used to process fdling equipment, package components, or final containers. The procedures will be implemented under the following conditions ... 

PICRIC ACID-STEAM AUTOCLAVING-FORMIC ACID-GUANIDINE THIOCYANATE-ASSISTED RETRIEVAL OF PRION PROTEIN... 

For many years, pressurized steam(autoclaving) at 120 °C for 30 minutes has been the basic method for sterilizing instruments and decontaminating materials. When autoclaving is not possible, as is the case with lensed instruments and materials containing plastic and rubber, ethylene oxide— diluted with either fluorocarbon or carbon dioxide to diminish explosive hazard—was used at 440-1200 mg/L at 45-60 °C with 30-60% relative humidity. The higher concentrations have been used to increase penetration. 

Microfiltration cartridges produced for this market are often sterilized directly after manufacture and again just prior to use. Live steam, autoclaving at 120 °C, or ethylene oxide sterilization may be used, depending on the applications. A flow schematic of an ampoule-filling station (after material by Schleicher and Schuell) is shown in Figure 7.18. 

Plasticised PVC was surface modified by nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atoms of PVC by sulphide ions in aqueous media in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst. The modified PVC was sterilised by steam autoclaving and gamma irradiation and subjected to plasticiser extraction. Surfaces were evaluated by contact angle measurements, SEM, cell culture studies, haemolysis assay and whole-blood clotting time measurements. Mechanical properties were examined. 31 refs. 

Details are given of the design of an autoclavable medical device using flexible PVC. The device was injection moulded and exposed to steam autoclaving. Surface delamination was investigated. Experiments on residual stresses after moulding and statistical analysis of the moulding process were conducted. 8 refs. 

Polyethersulfone compositions, (1), having high heat tolerance, good impact resistance, and Tg s greater than 235°C were prepared by Brunelle [1] and used as trays in steam autoclave sterilization units and as microwave cookware. Johnson [2] determined that the impact strength of this composition was greater than the commercially available polyethersulfone, RADEL . 

Hollow fibers can be steamed, autoclaved, and are easy to replace, making them a frequent choice for continuous fermentation applications. They are frequently used for clarifying fermentation broths. Hollow fibers, typically with a 6000 Da MWCO, are also used in producing pharmaceutical grade (WFl) water. 

Steam temperature is determined, so is its pressure, and vice versa. Saturated steam at 121 °C inevitably has a pressure of 2.05 abs bar saturated steam at 3.04 abs bar inevitably has a temperature of 134°C. This entails two very interesting practical possibilities a pure saturated steam autoclave can be equally temperature- or pressure-controlled, and regardless of the parameter used for control, the second parameter can easily be used to cross-monitor the first. 

Saturated steam autoclaves are generally provided with a jacket, that is constituted by a second wall that more or less fully encloses the inner chamber and thus forms a secondary space around it. For the sake of brevity, the various jacket construction methods are not presented here. The purpose of a jacket is summarized as follows 1) to preheat the autoclave initially and keep it warm during loading/imloading 2) to preheat the load during the initial air removal phase 3) to contribute to the drying of the load in the final vacuum phase and 4) to reduce any condensate entrained by the steam. 

These conditions therefore prohibit the use of traditional pure saturated steam autoclaves to sterilize solutions contained in a wide variety of containers such as... 

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