Stationary fuel cell systems

However, if the major source of hydrogen is reformed natural gas, the cost of generating electricity with a low-temperature fuel cell would be about 0.20 per kilowatt-hour. This is more than double the average price for electricity. It would also produce 50% more carbon dioxide emissions than the most efficient natural gas plants which are combined cycle natural gas turbines. Low-temperature fuel cells operating on natural gas are not as efficient at generating electricity. A stationary fuel cell system achieves high efficiency by cogeneration. 

W. L. Mitchell, J. M. Bentley, and H. J. Thijssen, Development of Fuel Processors for Transportation and Stationary Fuel Cell Systems, Program and Abstracts, Fuel Cell Seminar, Orlando, FL (1996). 

Stationary Fuel Cell Systems—Typical Performance Parameters (Current), 32... 

Stationary Fuel Cell Systems—Projected Typical Performance Parameters... 

What are the lessons learned from the failure of PAFC to become a commercial success and how do these lessons apply to other stationary fuel cell systems in development and demonstration Was the cause of failure only the high cost relative to the other DG systems The PAFC systems appeared to perform well. The federal government had spent more than 411 million on PAFC. Should it have continued... 

For this electrolyzer, the primary goal was to produce enough hydrogen to run a real time stationary fuel cell system within the smallest possible space without the gases intermingling. 

Low-temperature fuel cells operating on natural gas are not as efficient at generating electricity. A stationary fuel cell system achieves high... 

Completed detailed design, fabrication, and testing on Plug Power s first large scale stationary fuel cell system (50 kW) shipped 50 kW fuel cell systems to Las Vegas (October 2001)... 

The Japanese government is especially active in promoting the use of small, 1 kW, stationary fuel cell systems. In 2005 The New Energy Foundation (NEF) announced a goal of installing 400 units with subsidies of up to 6 million yen per unit (60-75% of the total cost). In 2006 and 2007, the program plans to install 1000 and 5000 units, respectively, with NEF subsidies of up to 3 million yen in 2006 and 2 million yen in 2007. Costs were expected to fall below 1 million yen by the end of the 3-year program. Initially, seven Japanese corporations, mostly utUity companies, were slated to receive the subsidies with fuel cells provided by Ebara Ballard and Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems (Adamson 2005). 

Ballard, a company known for developing fuel cells for vehicles, also is developing small stationary fuel cell systems for backup power generation as well as CHP. The AirGen is the world s first portable backup power generator specifically designed for indoor use. The 1 kW unit can provide power for up to 15 h off of one compressed hydrogen... 

Cosmo Oil (2005). Fuel Cell Field Tests to Begin LPG Reforming Type Stationary Fuel Cell System. Cosmo Oil Co. Ltd. Available at http //www.cosmo-oil.co.jp. 

Heinzel A, Vogel B, Hiibner P (2002) Reforming of natural gas-hydrogen generation for small scale stationary fuel cell systems. J Power Sources 105 202-207... 

The air from the fuel cell s cathode can be used to reduce the oxygen concentration in closed quarters. This is of great valuable to fire protection, since fuel cells achieve the goal of keeping the oxygen concentration permanently low. Stationary fuel cell systems are particularly suited for this purpose, since the cathodic outlet air is produced constantly. 

In many respects, the use of fuel cells for electric power production is very attractive. Fuel cell systems are versatile, quiet, and essentially non-polluting. Because of these attractive characteristics, a number of companies are investing a great deal of time and money to develop practical and cost-efficient fuel cell systems. (A list of companies currently engaged in the development of stationary fuel cell systems is presented in Appendix F.)... 

A number of fuels have been proposed for fuel cell operation, e.g., methane, methanol, propane, and hydrogen gas. In reality, all of these fuels must be converted into hydrogen ions for the fuel cell to operate. Although many mobile applications envision the use of hydrogen gas as a fuel, most current stationary fuel cell systems use "reformers" to convert the base fuel. Given the existing methane infrastructure, fuel supply does not appear to be a significant problem. 

A rapidly increasing number of publications deal with steam reforming of fossil and renewable fuels in microstructured reactors. In most cases, the appUcation standing behind this work is the generation of hydrogen for portable, mobile and small-scale stationary fuel cell systems as future distributed source of electrical energy. 

Bischoff, M. (2006) Large stationary fuel cell systems status and dynamic requirements. I. Power Sources, 154 (2), 461-466. 

Fuel cells for stationary applications To understand better how stationary fuel-cell systems maybe deployed in energy systems 2009-2014... 

Papadias DD, Ahmed S, Kumar R (2012) Fuel quality issues with biogas energy—An economic analysis for a stationary fuel cell system. Energy 44 257-277 doi 10.1016/j.energy.2012.06.031... 

James BD, Spisak AB, Colella WG (2012) Manufacturing cost analysis of stationary fuel cell systems. Strategic Analysis Inc., Arlington... 

Wang M, Elgowainy A, Han J (2010) Life-cycle analysis of criteria poUutant emissions from stationary fuel cell systems. US Department of Energy Hydrogen and Euel CeUs Program AN012... 

Stationary Fuel Cell Systems potentially offer solutions to the varied energy issues that face Europe, and other regions of the world. The European Union s 20-20-20 targets for emissions, efficiency and energy sources point to a need to do things differently, and stationary fuel cell systems can be part of the solution. The stationary fuel cell value proposition is complex. Costs are clearly important, but so are the other benefits the environmental benefits of lower emissions, the relatively quiet operation and the promise of autonomy from mainstream power suppliers for end users. Such benefits need to be matched by three key operational and economic criteria reliability, durability and affordability. 

Fuel cell systems must be able to offer reliability of supply equal to centralized power grids they should have an operational lifetime equivalent to existing domestic and commercial boilers and generators and they need to be competitive in terms of cost of delivered power and heat (and cooling where appUcable). Stationary fuel cell systems have made steady progress toward reliability and... 

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