Starter Distillate

A product was developed at the University of South Dakota that contains 44% moisture, 40% milk fat, 14 to 16% nonfat dry milk, synthetic butter flavor, high-acid starter distillate, salt, butter coloring, and a combination of gelatin and sodium carboxymethylcellulose as a stabilizer. 

Starter Distillate occurs as a clear, yellow, water-soluble liquid. It is the steam distillate of a culture of one or more species of Lactococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis and/or Leuconostoc cremoris grown in a medium of skimmed milk that has been... 

Butter Starter Distillate, 394 Butyl Acetate, 462, 649 -Butyl Acetate, 462 Butyl Alcohol, 462, 649, (S 1)62 Butyl Aldehyde, 462 Butylated Hydroxyanisole, 44 Butylated Hydroxymethylphenol, 51 Butylated Hydroxytoluene, 45 Butyl Butyrate, 462, 650 n-Butyl -Butyrate, 462 Butyl Butyryllactate, 462, 609 2-sec-Butyl Cyclohexanone, (S3)66, 97... 

Low Molecular Weight Carbonyl Compounds. In the dairy field, a major product made this way is starter distillate. The main component is diaceyl which is a very important aroma compound responsible for the characteristic buttery flavor of fermented dairy products such as sour cream or buttermilk. The dairy industry relies upon fermentation by lactic streptococci for the production of diacetyl in cultured products. Starter distillate is a natural product rich in diacetyl which is produced by distilling such lactic cultures. The key intermediate in the biosynthesis of diacetyl is aL-acetolactic acid which is decarboxylated to form diacetyl (Figure 3). The starting material of the biosynthetic pathway is citrate which is a natural component of milk. 

The so-called starter distillates used by the dairy industry are now produced on a commercial scale from lactic acid cultures. These distillates in which 70% of the substrate is converted to diacetyl have been patented(67) and are used to impart a buttery taste to edible oils. They are manufactured by the steam distillation of cultures of bacteria grown on a medium of skim milk fortified with 0.1% citric acid. Organisms used are Streptococcus lactis. S. cremoris. S. lactis subsp. diacetvlactis. Leuconostoc citrovorum and L dextranicum. Diacetyl comprises 80-90% of the flavor compounds in the aqueous distillate but is present at only 10-100 ppm. 

The addition of other natural flavors (e.g., starter distillate, natural butyric acid, or methyl ketones)... 

Similar approaches (UV irradiation) have been used to enhance the yield of diacetyl in the production of starter distillates [82]. This method yielded cultures that produced a 4.5-fold increase in total acetoin + diacetyl production. Starter distillates are very broadly used in the reproduction of dairy flavors. 

The reactants are fed separately iato a stUl, from which the product is continuously removed by distillation (qv) (31). Isopropyl nitrate is a valuable engiae-starter fuel and can be used ia explosives (see Explosives and propellants) (32). The nitrite ester, isopropyl nitrite, can be prepared from the reaction of isopropyl alcohol and either nitrosyl chloride or nitrous acid at ambient temperature (33). The ester is used as a jet engine propellant (30). 

Detergent wash. This method is used to remove oil and oil-like deposits. A mixture of solvent detergent and water is sprayed into the inlet while the gas turbine is being rotated by the starter. The unit is allowed to remain idle for a period of time to allow the solution to dissolve and loosen the deposits. The proeedure is then repeated exeept that distilled water is used to flush the deposits off the eompressor and out the eombustor drains. ... 

The fungus isolated from the wastewater was used as a seed culture. The media for seed culture as a starter of each experimental run was prepared by using 1.0 g of glucose and 1.0 g of peptone in 100 ml of distilled water. The nutrients and minerals were obtained from Merck. The media was sterilised in an autoclave at 121 °C, 15 psig steam pressure for 20 minutes. 

Electronic Grade Silicon (EGS). As the first step in the production of electronic grade silicon (EGS), an impure grade of silicon is pulverized and reacted with anhydrous hydrochloric acid, to yield primarily tricholorosilane, HSiClg. This reaction is carried out in afluidizedbed at approximately 300°C in the presence of a catalyst. At the same time, the impurities in the starter impure silicon reactto form their respective chlorides. These chlorides are liquid at room temperature with the exception of vanadium dichloride and iron dichloride, which are soluble in HSiCl3 at the low concentration prevailing. Purification is accomplished by fractional distillation. 

Prior to cutting the clones, the medium should be placed in the cloning tray. The tray should be filled about halfway with distilled water, and the proper amount of Bl starter should be added to the water. The pH should be set at 6.3. Horticultural heating pads may be placed under the cloning trays to further enhance root development heated water is very conducive to root growth. 

The synthesis of polyether triols, block copolymers with terminal poly[EO] block is relatively simple in the first step a propoxylated intermediate polyether is synthesised by the polyaddition of PO to the starter (glycerol or propylene glycol). After the addition of the required quantity of PO, the unreacted monomer is eliminated by vacuum distillation and the polymerisation continues by the addition of EO, the second monomer. 

The starter polyol (glycerol, trimethylolpropane) is mixed with an aqueous solution of KOH (40-50% concentration) or with solid KOH (85-90% purity) in reactor 1. The water from the catalyst solution and from the equilibrium reaction with KOH is eliminated from the reaction system by vacuum distillation at 110-130 °C ... 

The general copolymerisation procedure is relatively simple to the mixture of THF, polyolic starter and catalyst (BF3, SbF5, HBF4 HSbF6), is added stepwise to the alkylene oxide (PO or EO), at a low temperature (0-30 °C), over several hours. After the reaction, the acidic catalyst is neutralised with a solid base, such as CaO, Ca(OH)2, hydrotalcite or weakly basic anion exchangers, followed by filtration and distillation of unreacted monomers [54]. 

The preparation of polycarbonates is carried out in two stages. In the first stage a polycarbonate of lower MW is synthesised, at 150-200 °C, by distillation of EG resulting from reaction 8.35 under moderate vacuum (6.6-26.6 MPa). As for all polyesterification processes, a rectification column assures the elimination of EG and ethylene carbonate and the glycol used as the starter are returned to the reactor. In the second stage, the low MW polycarbonate is heated up to 250 °C under conditions of high vacuum (13-1333 Pa), and is condensed to a higher MW polycarbonate [11]. 

In Table 13.4 the characteristics of some rigid polyether polyols based on a sorbitol -glycerol mixture are presented. The initial starter mixture is solution of sorbitol (70%) and glycerol. After water vacuum distillation, the mixture of sorbitol - glycerol containing 0.1-0.5% water, is propoxylated in the presence of a KOH catalyst, followed by the usual purification. These polyether polyols are transparent viscous liquids, which are colourless or slightly yellow polyols ... 

Petroleum distillates Petroleum ether, some Some charcoal starters, Kerosene, diesel fuel,... 

Alcohol used for drinks is made primarily from potatoes, cereals and molasses. Distiller s yeast, especially the top fermenting culture (cf. 20.3.2.1), is used for fermentation. Since the fermentation proceeds in an unsterilized mash and at elevated temperatures and since the growth of yeast occurs in mash acidified with lactic or sulfuric acid (pH 2.5-5.5), the yeast must be highly fermentative, tolerant of elevated temperatures (<43 °C) and resistant to acids and alcohol. In addition to saccharification by malt which contains mainly P-amylase, high-activity microbial a-amylases are also used. Molasses does not require saccharification. The saccharified mash is cooled to 30 C and then inoculated with a yeast starter which has been cultured on a sulfuric or lactic acid medium of the mash or directly with distiller s yeast. After 48h of fermentation, the ethanol present at 6-10% by volume in the mash is distilled off along with the other volatile constituents. This step and the following rectification of the crude alcohol are achieved by continuous processes. 

The industrial process [23, 212, 213] of ethoxylation and propoxylation is usually a semi-batch process. The starter alcohol and KOH are mixed and water is removed by distillation. In a second step, monomers are fed into the reactor, where the feed rate is chosen so as to be able to remove the heat of polymerization and to keep the latent heat of polymerization of unreacted monomers in a safe state. By this process, homopolymers and random copolymers are accessible. Block copolymers are produced by successive feeds of the respective monomers. Catalyst is removed by addition of acids and subsequent crystallization and filtration of precipitated salts. An optional fourth step is the removal of volatile compounds by distillation. 

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