Starter Mixtures

Formula 72 is taken from Ref 44a, p 282. NC is added in soln as binder Formula 161 and other formulas are taken from Ref 57, pp 377ff. It is designated as Starter Mixture VI and its 60 parts are mixed with 40 parts of 4% NC soln in acetone Formula 162 Starter Mixture used by mixing lOOpts with 37pts of 25% of %-sec NC in ethyl acetate Formula 163 Starter Mixture XII used by mixing 50pts with 50pts of 4% 

Formula 166 Starter Mixture V for Smokes used by mixing 70pts with 30pts of 4% NC soln in acetone Formula 167 Starter Mixture XXV for HC Smokes used by mixing 83.3 parts with I6.7pts of 6% NC 

Of these 171, nicknamed by the Navy six-six-six is of unusual compn because it contains cuprous oxide as one of the oxidizers. It is used for igniting phosphorus candles in Drift and Float Signals contg Red P 51, Mn02 35, Mg 8, ZnO 3 linseed oil 3% (Formula 41 of Ref 57). Formula 172, which contains cupric oxide, is claimed to exceed the six-six-six in calorific output. It has been used by the Navy in the Mk25Mod2 Starter Composition Formula 172 was developed by W. Ripley at NAD (Naval Ammunition Depot), Crane, Indiana 

Formulas 60, 68 69 are taken from Ref 44a, pp 280-81, where 60 is designated as Gasless Ignition Mixture and 68 8t 69 as Highly Sensitive Ignition Mixtures which can also be initiated by electricity Formulas 164, 165 etc are taken from Ref 57, pp 378-83 

Formula 165, developed by Dr Ellern as F/C-2 for the Flare Ignition and Ejec-. tion Disk is used with a binder of NC dissolved in butyl-acetate and methanol 

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The terms "starter mixture" and "ignition mixture" are sometimes used in the same sense. For ignition of intermediate mixtures, the so-called "primary initiation" methods are used. The simplest of these is to use the flame produced on striking either a "safety match" or "SAW" (strike-anywhere) match. Formulations... 

The oldest and still widely used in pyrotechnics and fireworks "first fire" and "starter" mixture is BkPdr. It belongs to mixts without metallic ingredients. Metallic mixts contain combustible powdered metals, such as Mg, Al, Zr etc. Metalloids B and Si are considered metallic fuels because of their similarity in pyrochemical behavior to metals. Although BkPdrs are described in Vol 2 of Encycl, pp Bl65ff, we are giving here as Table E compns of three formulations used in pyrotechnics, as described by Ellern (Ref 57, p 375)... 

When used with highly compacted main pyrotechnic items, such as flare candles the "first fire" is either pressed (in dry form), or painted (in paste or slurry form) on top of item. For initiation of solid proplnts, a "first fire " mixt can be ignited if confined in a tube or capsule so that the hot gases will be spread over a larger surface area (Ref 57, pp 189 91) Table F lists various formulations for "starter mixtures" Table G for "ignition mixtures" and Table H for "first fire mixtures". -These formulations are given in Ref 57, pp 377-83. Some mixtures are taken from Ref 44a,... 

The compositions of typical igniter, first fire, and starter mixtures are also given in Table 5-29, p 5-48 of Ref 54. This Table is reproduced here as Table I ... 

First Fire, Ignition end Starter Mixtures Used in Pyrotechnics such as defined in Dr Ellem s book are listed in Vol 4, pp D763 to D767 and in Tables F, G, H and I... 

First fire, igniter and starter mixtures used in pyrots 4 D763—D767 6 F38... 

There are several ways of making cultured butter from sweet cream. Pasilac-Danish Turnkey Dairies, Ltd. developed the IBC method (Figure 10) (81). The main principles of the IBC method are as follows. After sweet cream churning and buttermilk drainage, a starter culture mixture is worked into the butter, which produces both the required lowering of butter pH and, because of the diacetyl content of the starter culture mixture, the required aroma. The starter mixture consists of two types of starter culture (1) Lactococcus lactis and (2) L. cremoris and L. lactis ssp. diace-tylactis. With respect to production costs, the experience with this method shows that, for the manufacture of mildly cultured butter, the direct costs are only about one-third of the costs of other methods (81). 

Zinc dust 35.4%, CCU 41.6%, sodium chlorate 9.3%, NH4CI 5.4%, MgCOs 8.3%. American Bureau of Mines improvement on Berger Mixture. Very effective smoke, various starter mixtures, some including sulphur, were also used with this mixture. 

The mixture of starters and catalyst (especially with solid starters, such as sucrose or pentaerythritol) is stirred for 1-2 hours, under nitrogen at 80-100 °C, to obtain a thermodynamic equilibrium (partial solid solubilisation, solvation of solid surfaces and so on). All these preparations can be made in the small reactor simultaneously with the PO polymerisation reaction. After the polymerisation step and after final polyether evacuation, the prepared mixture of starters with catalyst is added to the polymerisation reactor and the polymerisation reaction begins immediately. Of course, the catalyst can be added separately, directly into the reactor, after charging the starter mixture. After the creation of an inert atmosphere of nitrogen and the increase of reaction temperature... 

In Table 13.4 the characteristics of some rigid polyether polyols based on a sorbitol -glycerol mixture are presented. The initial starter mixture is solution of sorbitol (70%) and glycerol. After water vacuum distillation, the mixture of sorbitol - glycerol containing 0.1-0.5% water, is propoxylated in the presence of a KOH catalyst, followed by the usual purification. These polyether polyols are transparent viscous liquids, which are colourless or slightly yellow polyols ... 

Ingredient Dark Prime (a) Starter Mixture (b) Thermite Igniter (c)... 

The production of sulfur dioxide by reacting sulfur with oxidizer salts is rather simple, though in practice two difficulties are encountered If for safety s sake a rather unreactive oxidizer is used, the sulfur may tend to burn off without initiating the decomposition of the oxidizer salt, which in a closed space will of course end the gas formation right at the start however, as soon as the reaction is well initiated by means of a hot starter mixture, the heat of reaction may be excessive. This problem was solved in the writer s laboratory by Kowarsky and Olander by coupling an exothermic and an endothermic sulfur-dioxide-producing reaction as follows ... 

Potassium nitrate is described in MIL-P-156B for one purity and three granulations. Aside from use in black powder and some starter mixtures, its main pyrotechnic application is as the oxidizer in boron/ potassium nitrate pellets. In the latter, a very fine granulation, l0 5/ ... 

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