Starch-urea phosphate

POSS polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane PPO polyphenol oxidases ROS reactive oxygen species SP starch-urea phosphate XO xanthine oxidase... 

Electrophoretic Methods. Several electrophoretic procedures have been developed to fractionate or purify the various caseins (McKenzie 1971C Thompson 1971 Whitney 1977). Wake and Baldwin (1961) fractionated whole casein by zone electrophoresis on cellulose powder in 7 M urea and 0.02 ionic strength sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7 and 5°C. Payens and co-workers employed several somewhat different electrophoretic conditions for the fractionation and purification of the caseins on cellulose columns (Payens 1961 Schmidt and Payens 1963 Schmidt 1967). Three fractions, as-, k-, and /3-caseins, were separated at pH 7.5 and 30°C with 4.6 M urea-barbiturate buffer. The purification of asi-casein and the separation of the genetic variants of K-casein were accomplished by altering the electrophoretic conditions. Manson (1965) fractionated acid casein on a starch gel column stabilized by a density gradient at 25 °C. 

Spray dryers rubber chemicals, sulfonates, inorganic phosphates, ceramics, kaolin, coffee, detergents, pharmaceuticals, pigments, inks, lignosulfonate wood waste, melamine and urea formaldehyde resins, polyvinyl chloride, microspheres, skim milk, eggs, starch, yeast, silica gel, urea, salts... 

All these materials produced intumescence to some degree, but only a few showed enough to be of real value. The most effective was a combination of paraformaldehyde, urea, and ammonium phosphate. This confirms the work of Jones and Soll(J.). The combination of isano oil with polyamide resin gave best results in exterior paint formulations. Amino acetic acid with starch and also with ammonium phosphate gave good results. 

Chlorinated and/or oxidized starches crosslinked with glyoxal were used to produce a high-strength size for paper.573 Coating adhesives were also prepared by crosslinking glycidyl esters.1385 In addition, esters of starch with inorganic acids (such as starch phosphates) were crosslinked with various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of urea, melamine and similar compounds.1322... 

A thixotropic starch was produced in reactions of POCl3-crosslinked starch with unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes.1361 Starch phosphates have been crosslinked by various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of urea, melamine, and similar compounds. Among several aldehydes tested[formaldehyde, propanal (propionaldehyde), glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, 2-hydroxyadipaldehyde (2-hydroxy -1,6-hexanedial), and some aromatic aldehydes], only those products that had reacted with glyoxal were insoluble in water.1322 Significant increases in viscosity occurred after starch phosphates having a low DS were treated with urea.1590... 

Treating starch phosphates with chlorine in methanol increased their viscosity.1606,1607 A viscous, semitransparent paste was obtained using com starch for simultaneous esterification of phosphoric acid and succinic acid in the presence of urea.1608 Polyphosphoric acid was also used, together with calcium carbonate and hydroxide as well as borax.1609... 

Turpentine Urea-formaldehyde resin Wheat (Triticum vulgare) starch 3-(2-Xenolyl)-1,2-epoxypropane Xylene Zein Zinc acetate Zinc ammonium chloride Zinc dibenzyl dithiocarbamate Zinc dibutyidithiocarbamate Zinc diethyidithiocarbamate Zinc 2-ethylhexanoate Zinc formaldehyde sulfoxylate Zinc laurate Zinc nitrate Zinc phosphate Zinc rosinate Zinc sulfide Zineb... 

Currently, expandable paints represent the most sophisticated answer. Their formulations are quite complex. They consist of acid based compounds, mainly phosphoric acid derivatives (e.g. ammonium phosphate or polyphosphate), polyhydroxy compounds (such as pentaerythrite, starch, phenolic or urea resin), non-combustible gas-forming compounds (such as chloroparafiins or melamines), and a polymeric matrix (e.g. chlorinated rubber). Such a coating gives good protection but its appearance is generally poor. 

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