Starch fermentation

Poly(L-lactic acid) EcoPLA, NatureWorks Dow-Cargill Environmental, biomedical Lactic acid from corn starch fermentation... 

Since fermentation takes place in a dilute aqueous solution, the reaction continues until the alcohol concentration approaches about 14%. At higher concentrations, the process becomes self-inhibitory. By-products from starch fermentation to ethanol can include higher-molecular-weight alcohols, glycerine, and ethers. Usually no more than 10% starch is converted to these compounds. Atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, and membrane separation techniques can be used to recover ethanol from the final fermented product. The distillate bottoms, called stillage, are recovered as a by-product for animal feed. A biomass fermentation flow diagram is provided in FIGURE 12-2. 

Microbiological action in starch dispersions results in a drop in pH, loss of viscosity and the development of odor. Retrogradation may be accelerated by the drop in pH or especially if butanol, which complexes with amylose, is generated via starch fermentation. Sulfate-reducing bacteria will cause black deposits due to reaction with iron in the process water. For quality control, preservatives are added to starch slurry, cooked starch, surface size and coating color. 

The weaving of the yarn was conducted on a Draper model X P loom operating at 160 picks per minute. A 115 g/ni (3.4 oz/ydZ) printdoth fabric was produced with approximately 68 ends by 70 picks. The statistical data accumulated during the weaving opera-ation of the three types of yarn treatments are presented In Table VI. The average number of breaks per hour In warp yarn for starch, fermented starch, and enzyme-degraded starch was 1.62, 1.37, and 1.45, respectively. 

Calderon Santoyo, M., Loiseau, G., Rodriguez Sanoja, R., and Guyot, J. P. 2003. Study of starch fermentation at low pH by Lactobacillus fermentum Ogi El reveals uncoupling between growth and alpha-amylase production at pH 4.0. hit. J. Food Microbiol., 80,77-87. 

A product from brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, has been shown to reduce E. coli 0157 shedding when fed at 2% dry matter intake in challenge studies (Bach et ah, 2008) and in feedlot trials (Braden et ah, 2004). The brown seaweed product also increased carcass marbling scores (Braden et ah, 2007) and although the antimicrobial extract of brown seaweed phlorotannin did reduce starch fermentation at high levels in vivo (Wang et ah, 2008), no effect on lamb growth was observed (Bach et ah, 2008). 

De Haut, I.J. et al. (1998) Lactobacillus manihotivorans sp. nov., a new starch-hydrolysing lactic acid bacterium isolated during cassava sour starch fermentation. Int. J. Syst BacterioL, 48, 1101-1109,... 

Eksteen, J. M., Van Rensburg, P, Cordero Otero, R. R., Pretorius, I. S. (2003). Starch fermentation by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing the alpha-amylase and glucoamylase genes from Lipomyces kononenkoae and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 84,639-646. 

Christian MT, Edwards CA, Preston T, Johnston L, Varley R, Weaver LT. Starch fermentation by faecal bacteria of infants, toddlers and adults Importance for energy salvage. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 57 1486—1491. 

Starch nanocrystals has been used in different environmental-friendly polymers such as waterborne polyurethane (Chen et al. 2008) (also called organic solvent free polyurethane), starch (waxy maize, AngeUier et al. 2006 Viguie et al. 2007 Garcia et al. 2009a), pullulan (Kristo et al. 2007) (obtained by starch fermentation), PLA (Yu et al. 2008), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Chen et al. 2008), and soy protein isolate (Zhen et al. 2009), but we will focus on its use on starch matrices. 

Plastics can be made from LA instead of making them from conventional petroleum products. LA, which is produced via starch fermentation or as a coproduct of com wet milling (PLA), can also be manufactured by using the starch from food wastes, cheese, whey, fmiL or grain sorghum. 

Sakai, T, Koo, K., Saitoh, K. Use of the protoplast fusion for the development of rapid starch-fermenting strains of Saccharomyces diastaticus. Agric Biol Chem 1986, 50(2), 297-306. 

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