Standards competing

All immunoassay procedures are based on the original discovery by Berson and Yalow that low concentrations of antibodies to the antigen hormone insulin could be detected radiochemically by their ability to bind radiolabeled ( I) insulin. The determination of unknown concentrations of antigen, then, is based on the fact that radiolabeled antigen and unlabeled antigen (from the sample or a standard) compete physiochemically for the binding sites on the antibodies (radioimmunoassay, RIA). This is illustrated in Figure 24.5. 

The activity of each of the two test sera can be compared to the standard competing antiserum (1). Arbitary units can be ascribed to the standard serum so that serum titires could be expressed against this. As an example, let the titer of the standard serum at 50% competition be 1000. The relative titers of the other two... 

ANSI is a federation of standards competents from commerce and industry, professional, trade, consumer, and labor organizations, and government. ANSI, in cooperation with these federation participants,... 

This standard proposal is limited to a format model. So, as it had been pointed out earlier, the implementation of this format requires some complementary work, which can partly be standardized. The definition of the Application Programming Interfaces (A.P.l.) could become a standard in the future. Nonetheless, this would require the creation of a new ad hoc group, with different technical competences. 

Quality in NDT depends upon a number of factors. Qualification of NDT personnel, technical state and correctness of choice of testing equipment, availability of approved working procedures of examination, calibration of NDT equipment have decisive importance among those factors of an NDT laboratory. Assessment of NDT laboratory competence is provided through accreditation in compliance with the EN 45000 series standards. 

The difficulties of working with small quantities of liquids are much greater than with small quantities of solids. For example a competent worker can, and does in fact, often work with 100 mg, of solid without any special apparatus. With liquids this is often not practicable because of the much greater losses entailed, particularly when it is realised that one ordinary-sized drop weighs about 50-100 mg. The account which follows gives details of modifications of standard apparatus suitable for the semi-micro scale defined above. 

FIG. 25-78 Schematic diagram of an industrial-waste injection well completed in competent sandstone. (From Vreeman, H M, Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal, McGraw-Hill, 1988.)... 

STANDARD SAMPLES AND EXPERIMENTAL CHECKING OF COMPETENCE OF ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES... 

For the customer to ascertain the capability of a producer to deliver goods or services to the required standards it is essential for the producer to have all documents that establish his or her competence to deliver the goods or services, according to the prescribed Quality Standards. These documents may cover... 

Standard turboexpander-compressor sets designed and manufactured by competent manufactureres embody many of the reliability improvement and maintenance cost reduction features inherent in API (American Petroleum Institute) standards for other turbomachines. To achieve close compliance, however, the owner/purchasers must know their specific needs or requirements. Nevertheless, it may not be practical, feasible, or economically justified to achieve full compliance with API specifications, which were generally devised without giving thought to the peculiarities of turboexpanders and their sometimes differing operating environments. 

Demonstrated competencies listed in NFPA Standard 472. 1992 for specialist categories C. B. and A... 

Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are step-by-step job instructions which can help workers perform their jobs safely and efficiently. When the end users are involved in their design, SOPs can provide a basis for arriving at a method of work agreed-to by different shifts. In this sense, SOPs can be used to develop training programs and specify measures of competence. Because of the importance of SOPs in the work situation, a systematic framework is needed to enable the design of reliable procedures which are acceptable by the workforce. 

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