Standard Extraction

Fold. Strength of concentrated flavoring materials. The concentration is expressed as a multiple of a standard, eg, citms oil is compared to cold pressed oil. In the case of vanilla, folded flavors are compared to a standard extract with minimum bean content. 

Tea 1 to 2 cups/day Capsules/tablets 300 to 500 mg daily Tincture 1A to 1 teaspoon daily Standardized extract 300 to 400 mg daily... 

Back cohosh, a herb reported to be beneficial in managing symptoms of menopause, is generally regarded as safe when used as directed. Back cohosh is a member of the buttercup flower family. The dosage of standardized extract is 2 tablets twice a day, or 40 dropsof standardized tincture twice a day or one 500- to 600-mg tablet or capsule three times daily. Back cohosh tea is not considered as effective as other forms Boiling of the root releases only a portion of the therapeutic constituents... 

Blberry fruit isa safe food herb with no known adverse reactions or toxicity. There are no known contraindications to its use as directed. The dosage of standard extract is 160 to 320 mg a day. 

Another complicating characteristic of materials from the environment is that the size and nature of the residue to be analyzed in the mass spectrometer will change from sample to sample. To determine if this might have an effect on the observed TCDD signal, we analyzed identical samples of TCDD with differing amounts of squalane, a saturated hydrocarbon selected as a model for residues obtained from standard extraction and cleanup procedures. As is indicated in Table I (Part A), there was... 

The fundamental issue is to describe how much of the residue can be characterized accurately and whether an accounting of the applied mass of pesticide can be maintained throughout the course of the experiment. A series of environmental fate studies is required for pesticide registration in order to characterize the degradation pathways and formation and decline patterns of each major degradate. These studies are typically conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions, applying radiolabeled pesticides to evaluate the extraction efficiency of various procedures. When standard extraction methods fail to release a significant amount of the applied radioactivity, more efficient and exhaustive extraction procedures are tried in a stepwise fashion... 

Unfortunately, not all products that are used in clinical trials are available in the United States. In a randomized, double-blind, multicenter European study, 1069 men with moderate benign prostatic hyperplasia were randomized to receive saw palmetto (Permixon" )1 160 mg twice daily (90% free and 7% esterified fatty acids) or finasteride 5 mg once daily for 6 months [32]. As determined by patients and physicians, Permixon offered similar improvement in symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia compared to finasteride. Since Permixon is not available in the United States, it should be recommended to patients to use a product that is similar to Permixon that contains a standardized extract of saw palmetto containing 85-95% sterols and fatty acids [18]. 

It is possible to extract or remove ionic species, both anions and cations, from soil using ion exchange resins. Both anion and cation exchange resins have been used as well as combinations of the two. Resins can be added to the soil and mixed, or they can be contained in a bag (Procedure 11.11), on a strip, or in capsules buried in soil. Mixing resins with soil allows for more intimate contact with soil and with the soil solution. However, one is faced with separation of the resin from soil at the end of some extraction time. Resins in bags, on strips, or as capsules can easily be removed from soil. However, the resins do not have as intimate contact with soil in this procedure. Good relationships between all these methods and standard extraction methods have been obtained and all approaches have found utility in determining the amounts of various ions in soil. 

Several studies compared different extraction methods for alkylphenols and APEO from solid matrices. The reference method in all cases is Soxhlet, as this has been the standard extraction method for several decades. Although the obtained recoveries are not always better for the newly developed methods compared with Soxhlet, the new methods all share the advantages of shorter extraction times and lower solvent use. 

Fig. 2.47. Chromatographic fingerprints from Rhizoma chuanxiong using gradient elution 1 (a) and 2 (b). Chromatographic fingerprints of a standard extract (c), one extract (d) and one product (e) of Gingko biloba at 360 nm. Peak 1 represents luteolin. Reprinted with permission from F. Gong el al. [147].

Sample with spiked internal standard extracted with GC-FID ethyl acetate and extract concentrated and analyzed... 

Finally, toxicity (defined in terms of a standard extraction procedure followed by chemical analysis for specific substances) is a characteristic of all chemicals, whether petroleum or nonpetroleum in origin. Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed, and when such wastes are disposed of on land, the chemicals may drain (leach) from the waste and pollute groundwater. Leaching of such chemicals from contaminated soil may be particularly evident when the area is exposed to acid rain. The acidic nature of the water may impart mobility to the waste by changing the chemical character of the waste or the character of the minerals to which the waste species are adsorbed. 

Petkov VD, Kehayov R, Beicheva S, Konstantinova E, Petkov W, Getova D, Markovska V. (1993b). Memory effects of standardized extracts of Panax ginseng (G115), Ginkgo biioba (GK 501) and their combination Gincosan (PHL-00701). Planta Med. 59(2) 106-14. 

Isolation of hemoglobin, removal of water, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of adducts addition of 2,2 -dichloro-benzidine as internal standard extraction suing toluene containing 5% 2-propanol derivatization using HFBA. 

Waste water Addition of isotopically-labeled standard, extraction with methylene chloride at pH 12-13, then at pH <2, removal of water, volume reduction, addition of internal standard. GC/IDMS (EPA Method 1625) 50 g/L 106 (25% RSD) at 100 g/L EPA 1984a ... 

Blood Add internal standard extract with n-pentane centrifnge freeze decant solvent concentrate inject to GC GC/MS 50 pg NR Kimnra et al. 1988... 

Figure 2. HPLC chromatograms obtained for sulfathiazole standard compared with a honey control and honey fortified at 1.0 ppm (80% recovery). Mobile phase 95% methylene chloride-5% methanol flow rate 1.5 ml/min 0.2 Pg of sulfathiazole injected as standard extract injected equivalent to 40 mg of honey.

Water Addition of internal standard extraction HRGC/ECD No data No data Feltes et... 

Some contaminants can become strongly bound to the compost matrix and not be detected using standard extraction procedures. In some cases these compounds have appeared to have been degraded, only to be detected at later times. 

Gingko biloba standardized extract/flavonoids and ginkgolide... 

The recommended dosage is 200 mg daily of standardized extract (4% total ginsenosides). Reported adverse effects include insomnia, diarrhea. 

Degenring FH, Suter A, Weber M, Sailer R. A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of a standardized extract of fresh Crataegus... 

Bone K. Standardized extracts Neither poison nor panacea. HerbalGram 2001 53 50-55. 

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