Stability mineral oil

In the pharmaceutical field, agar is commonly the base colloid for stabilizing mineral oil in water emulsions, used for laxative purposes. The concentration of agar is kept below the gel point, so that the emulsion will pour. Other gums, like tragacanth, Irish moss extract, or carboxymethylcellulose, may replace the agar, where desired. Usually, from 0.5 to 0.8% of the gum, based upon the weight of the aqueous phase, suffices to protect this type of emulsion, which is somewhat of a neutral variety. 

Fong-Spaven, F., and Hollenbeck, R. G. (1986), Thermal rheological analysis of triethanolamine-stearate stabilized mineral oil in water emulsions, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 12, 289. 

Potyacryttc acid stabilizer, mineral oils Rhodasutf ON-870 stabilizer, mineral-filled PP Ultranox 626 stabilizer, monomer Phenothlazine... 

Figure 5.4 Apparent shear viscosity as a function of shear stress for fine surfactant-stabilized mineral oil-in-water emulsions (d 2 = 0.55 pm, 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7) as determined at 25 C in a controlled stress rheometer (filled symbols) and a controlled strain-rate rheometer (open symbols) , O, 30 wt% oil, I wt% Tween 20 A, A, 40 wt% oil, 1.33 wt% Tween 20 , O, 50wt% oil, 1.67 wt% Tween 20 , Q 60 wt% oil, 2 wt% Tween 20...

METALWORKING FLUID Fluid applied to a tool and workpieee to eool, lubrieate, earry away partieles of waste and provide eoiTosion proteetion. Generally eomprising neat mineral oils, or water-based materials, or a mixture of the two. Fluids may also eontain emulsifiers, stabilizers, bioeides, eoiTosion inhibitors, fragranees and extreme pressure additives. 

Metalworking fluids contain mineral oils (refer to p. 80) or synthetic lubricants they are used neat or in admixture with water. They may contain small amounts of biocides, stabilizers, emulsifiers, coiTosion inhibitors, fragrances and extreme pressure additives. The formulations render them suitable for application to metal being worked, generally from a recirculatory system, to provide lubrication, corrosion protection, swarf removal and cooling of the tool and machined surface. 

Polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids have many advantages over the mineral oil counterparts including low temperature flow characteristics, lower volatility, and oxidative stability (Chrisope and Landry 1993 Shubkin 1993). Certain polyalphaolefins maintain good operational characteristics and have been proposed for use in hydraulic systems in U.S. military aircraft (Kinkead et al. 1992b). 

In addition to adsorbing at mineral-oil interfaces, asphaltene molecules also adsorb at oil-water interfaces. Strong intermolecular dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, electron donor-acceptor and acid-base interactions cause the surface-adsorbed asphaltene molecules to form rigid skins" at oil-water interfaces (41 43). When water droplets are dispersed in an oil which contains asphaltene molecules, molecularly thick, viscous asphaltene films form around the water droplets, inhibit the drainage of intervening oil and sterically stabilize the water-inoil emulsion. 

The study of inverse adhesive emulsions has revealed the same features as direct emulsions [112,113]. Here again, it was shown that adhesion is favored when the surfactant becomes less soluble in the continuous phase [113]. This can be tested experimentally by using binary mixtures of oils, one in which the surfactant is soluble and another one in which the surfactant is insoluble. For example, water droplets can be stabilized in mineral oil by sorbitan monooleate (Span 80). This surfactant is soluble in dodecane whereas it is not in silicon oil. The affinity of the surfactant for the organic solvent can be tuned by mixing dodecane and silicon oil. As shown in Fig. 2.38, the energy of adhesion between water droplets strongly varies as the ratio of the mixture is changed. A sharp rise is noted as the surfactant... 

Various additional oil-based adjuvants have subsequently been developed. Adjuvant 65, for example, consists of 86% peanut oil, 10% Arlacel A and 4% aluminium monostearate (as a stabilizer). Unlike mineral oil, peanut oil is composed largely of triglycerides, which are readily metabolized by the body. Although adjuvant 65 was initially proved safe and effective in humans, it displayed less adjuventicity than FIA. Its use was largely discontinued, mainly due to the presence in its formulation of Arlacel A. 

E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Gibbstown, New Jersey, under the tradename EXR-101. The 30% white mineral oil acts as a stabilizer. The material may be stored indefinitely at room temperature. Details concerning the properties of the compound and recommended precautions in its use are provided in a products bulletin available from the supplier. EXR-101 sometimes turns green on long standing, but this does not affect the yield of diazomethane (private communication from Dr. . C. McKusick). 

OBMs were developed to address the shortcomings of WBMs. OBMs use nonaqueous base oils/fluids such as diesel or mineral oils as a continuous phase with water (or brine). OBMs have several advantages over WBMs they reduce or eliminate certain borehole problems, reduce the risk of anticipated or unpredicted difficulties, particularly in highly structurally complex and water-sensitive formations, and are time and cost-effective in hole stability problem situations [14]. OBM cuttings, being... 

G-L. Griffith, G.A. Lyte F.B. Wells, USP 3366053(1968) CA 68, 70809(1968) [Free-flowing, inorg nitrate based expl mixts sensitized to initiation by incorporation of 1—4% powd Al and 1—6% water, are described. Expl sensitizers, such.as NS (preferred), NG, TNT, PETN, RDX, Pentolite or Comp B 5-7, carbonaceous fuels 0.4, stabilizers-antacids (such as CaCO a or MgO) up to 0.4, and materials (such as rosin, metallic resinates, hexamine, waxes or mineral oil) 0.4% could also be present. A mixt listed in CA contg AN 70.68, NaN03 8.91, Al powd 1.57, NS... 

The stabilizer, gelled in the presence of ferric ions, is aptly selected from a hydro-lyzate of a copolymer of a vinyl monomer and an unsatd acid anhydride, or a water-sol acrylic polymer. Thus a preblend of AN 130, aq HNO3(60%) 60, NaNOg 10, MeOCH CH2-maleic anhydride copolymer hydrolyzate 6, and Fe2(S04)3 1 part was maintained at 43° and mixed with. a blend of paraffin 8, sorbitan monopa Imitate 5, and mineral oil. 1 part, maintained at 32° During mixing, sufficient air was introduced to yield a compri having a d of 0.75 at 43°]... 

In certain brilliantine compositions, vegetable and animal oils are used as substitutes for mineral oil. In these systems, because of their potential for rancidity, antioxidants must be included. Other alternatives to mineral oils that have found utility in brilliantines are the polyethylene glycols which come in a variety of solubilities and spreading properties. Use of these materials offers the advantage of chemical stability to rancidity. Other additives found in brilliantines to improve their aesthetics include colorants, fragrance, medicated additives, lanolin, and fatty acid esters. 

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