Stability and Insensitivity

All criteria result in the jn-oduction of a stability relation between a specific value a of the heat-loss parametra and the dimensionless adiabatic flame temperature B. These relationships expressed as curves of a vs. B for the four 

At present the only study of transient solutions specifically directed to the question of their insensitivity has been by B. F. Gray. Gray works with the perturbed trajectory of the null solution (0,y) once more but allows the size of the perturbation to be finite, of radius R, i.e. 

Applying the insensitivity criterion of Hahn that the time derivative of this metric is never positive, i.e. 

The parallel between the insensitivity criterion of Hahn and the Liapunov stability method is clear. Although these methods are more restrictive they do offer rigorous conditions under which the absence of ignition may be guaranteed and provide a general approach to more complex reacting systems. 

In this section we shall be concerned in the main with the spate of papers on reactor dynamics that followed van Heerden s paper in 1953. By the late 1950 s the use of stability methods had been introduced to chemical engineering many years before similar techniques were applied by chemists to closed systems. Recently the chemical engineers have again led the way with the introduction of analytical topology to the study of open tems, and these methods will also be briefly discussed. Excellent papers on various aspects of reactor stability and control are to be found in the journal Chemical Engineering Science. 

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Amino-1,2,4-triazole is a useful starting material for the synthesis of many 1,2,4-triazole-based explosives. Jackson and Coburn synthesized a number of picryl- and picrylamino-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles. PATO (99) is synthesized from the reaction of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (98) with picryl chloride (67). ° PATO has also been synthesized from the reaction of 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole with A,2,4,6-tetranitromethylaniline (tetryl). PATO has a low sensitivity to impact and is thermally stable up to 310 °C. PATO (VOD 7469 m/s) exhibits lower performance to TATB (VOD 8000 m/s) which is the common benchmark standard for thermal stability and insensitivity in explosives. 

Accdg to Colver (Ref 12, p 18), low-nitrated aromatic hydrocarbons, such as MN-Naphthalene, MNBz MNT started to be used in coal mining expls based on AN. This was because of their stability and insensitivity to shock to ignition... 

The stability and insensitiveness of NC (when dry) bear an inverse relation with nitrogen content. That is, as the nitrogen content increases, stability decreases slowly and NC becomes more sensitive. On the other hand, lower nitrates are very stable and insensitive to impact and friction. The stability and insensitiveness fall off rapidly above a nitrogen content of 12.8%. 

Explosives like TNT, RDX and HMX considered to be adequate for all weapon applications, have become less attractive due to a number of accidents involving initiation of munitions by impact or shock aboard ships, aircraft carriers and munitions trains. There is a need for the development of new explosives with improved stability and insensitivity without a decrease in energy. Significant attention has been paid in this direction during the recent past. 

Stability. The indicator should be chemically stable and insensitive to pho-tobleaching. 

Thus acyl radicals are relatively insensitive, both as regards stability and reactivity, to substitution. The polar character and the consequent... 

The tetraazapentalene ring system forms the core of the thermally insensitive explosive TACOT (Section 7.10) and so its fusion with the furoxan ring would be expected to enhance thermal stability and lead to energetic compounds with a high density, y-DBBD (95) is prepared from the nitration of tetraazapentalene (91), nucleophilic displacement of the o-nitro groups with azide anion, further nitration to (94), followed by furoxan formation on heating in o-dichlorobenzene at reflux. The isomeric explosive z-DBBD (96) has been prepared via a similar route. ... 

Outstanding chemical resistance, serving industrial filtration High abrasion resistance for floor covering, upholstery, and hosiery Insensitive to water, giving dimensional stability and fabric dryness in contact with the skin... 

Some 2-(2 -hydroxyaryl)benzotriazoles are UV stabilizers and they have received much attention as a result of their UV and fluorescence properties see review intermolecular hydrogen bonding. In contrast, the absorption spectrum of (65b) is relatively insensitive to solvents <81AJC69l). The absorption and fluorescence characteristics of 2-(2 -hydroxy-... 

Protein Stabilization. All grapes have a certain natural protein content of proteins both sensitive and insensitive to heat. The quantity of heat-sensitive protein varies with the vintage, cultivar, grape maturity, and pH. In the North Coast, Sauvignon blanc and Muscat cultivars have consistently high levels of heat-sensitive proteins. 

The beam constants and the size of the supporting wire were chosen to maximize stability and temperature insensitivity. The wire size was chosen so as to make its torsional contribution a small fraction of the resisting moment of the beam. This tends to make the balance less sensitive to temperature effects. 

These data show that for the low levels of acid in the pH range considered, MFT values are relatively insensitive to methacrylic acid content. On the other hand, in the SLS system, the 100% S polymer requires 4.4% MAA for F/T stability, and the MFT becomes 113°C. 

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