Spontaneity tendency toward

The pathway to a clearer understanding of the matter lies through the study of the phenomenon called osmosis. Osmosis is sometimes dismissed as an obscure and secondary effect. It is, on the contrary, the most direct expression of the molecular and kinetic nature of solutions. This nature impels the molecules of a solute placed in contact with a solvent to diffuse until the concentration is everywhere the same. The spontaneous tendency towards the equalization of concentration can, according to a quite general principle (p. 60), be harnessed to yield work. If a solution of in A is separated from pure A by a membrane which is permeable to A but not to B, then a pressure, known as the osmotic pressure, acts on the partition, whereby it is urged to move in such a direction that solvent flows in to dilute the solution. The motion of the partition may be opposed by a resistance against which work is done. If II is the osmotic pressure and dV the volume of solvent which enters, the work done isndF. 

This group of compounds, previously described as amine perchromates , is characterised by the presence of basic nitrogen and peroxo ligands within the same coordination sphere. This creates a high tendency towards explosive decomposition, which sometimes apparently occurs spontaneously. Individually indexed compounds are ... 

Although most additives that have been studied retard growth on all faces of the crystal, there are some which definitely promote growth on certain faces. For example, repeated recrystallization of lactose removes growth-promoting trace substances, so that crystal growth is much slower in supersaturated solutions of this lactose than in less purified solutions. The tendency toward spontaneous nucleation is also lowered upon repeated recrystallization. 

Spontaneous combustion self-ignition of coal through oxidation under very specific conditions different types of coal vary in their tendency toward self-ignition. 

The structure of polymer surfaces and thin polymeric films at the mesoscopic scale is of interest, both for application and basic research [1] As the size of many technological devices decreases, the natural length scales of many typical polymers such as the radius of gyration, the persistence length, or the domain size in block copolymers, match the feature size and thus the materials are expected to display a new behaviour [2-5], On the other hand, the tendency towards spontaneous structure forma-... 

Together with the problem of evolution, however, Lamarck also addressed the problem of its mechanism, and here he made hypotheses that turned out wrong, and for which he has been reproached ever since. Lamarck s mechanism (or, rather, what has become known as such) comprises (1) spontaneous generation, (2) an intrinsic tendency towards complexity, and (3) the inheritance of acquired characters. Today all these concepts are rejected, but the reasoning that brought Lamarck to proclaim the reality of evolution is independent of them and remains perfectly valid. 

The use of crystal structure prediction in the evaluation of systems for their tendency toward spontaneous resolution has been explored [30]. Using a gas phase conformational search to locate low-energy... 

The La-//ii transition may be considered a result of competition between the spontaneous tendency of the lipid layers to bend and the resulting hydrocarbon chain packing strain thus, membranes exist in a state of fmstrated curvature stress (17). Respectively, the La-Hn transition is believed to be driven by the relaxation of the curvature of the lipid monolayers toward their spontaneous curvature. Conversely to the Lp-Lc transition, the La-H II transition temperature decreases with the hydrocarbon chain length increase (Fig. 3a). At sufficiently long chains. 

The clinical picture is characterized by xanthomas, particularly on the tendons (especially the Achilles tendon). Xanthomas consist of cholesterol and cholestanol. The enzyme defect also results in disturbed vitamin D metabolism. Osteoporosis is thus observed quite often, with a tendency towards spontaneous fractures. (208) Striking clinical features are cerebral functional disorders (from deviant behaviour to severe dementia, motor disturbances and convulsions) as well as peripheral neurological symptoms caused by cholestanol deposits. (211) High concentrations of apolipoprotein B and cholestanol are found in the CSF. (213) Treatment is based on the administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (750 mg/day). Effectiveness is improved if HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e. g. pravastatin) are used concomitantly. (207, 212)... 

By equilibrium we mean a state in which there is no tendency toward spontaneous change. Another way to say the same thing is to say that equilibrium is a state... 

Notably, phenacyl sulfonium salts are very stable even in very reactive monomers in dark. For example, a 3% solution of a these photoinitiators in the highly reactive biscycloaliphatic epoxy monomer showed no tendency toward spontaneous polymerization even after 3 months storage in the dark at room temperature. 

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