Spodoptera system

Stevenson PC, Anderson JC, Blaney WM, Simmonds MSJ (1993) Developmental inhibition of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae by a novel caffeoylquinic acid from the wild groundnut, Arachis paraguariensis. J Chem Ecol 19 2917-2933 Stockdale EA, Shepherd MA, Fortune S, Cuttle SP (2002) Soil fertility in organic farming systems - fundamentally different Soil Use Manage 18 301-308 Sturz AV, Christie BR, Matheson BG (1998) Associations of bacterial endophyte populations from red clover and potato crops with potential for beneficial allelopathy. Can J Microbiol 44 162-167... 

Baculoviruses are members of a large group of double-stranded DNA viruses which only infect invertebrates, including insects. The restricted host range makes baculoviruses safer than mammalian expression systems. The most widely used baculoviruses are Autographa califor-nica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The host cell most commonly used is Sf9, derived from the fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda. 

The Transdirect insect cell is a newly developed in vitro translation system for mRNA templates, which utilizes an extract from cultured Spodoptera fru iperda 21 (S 21) insect cells. An expression vector, pTDl, which includes a 5 -imtranslated region (UTR) sequence from a baculovirus polyhedrin gene as a translational enhancer, was also developed to obtain maximum performance from the insect cell-free protein synthesis system. This combination of insect cell extract and expression vector results in protein productivity of about 50 pg per mL of the translation reaction mixture. This is the highest protein productivity yet noted among commercialized cell-free protein synthesis systems based on animal extracts. 

Other examples of in vitro baculovirus systems (virus-cell line) are Helicoverpa armigera SNPV and Helicoverpa zea cells, with 222 polyhe-dra per cell (Lua et ah, 2002) Trichoplusia ni NPV and Trichoplmia ni cells, with 70 polyhedra per cell (Potter et ah, 1976) Lymantria dispar MNPV and Lymantria dispar cells, with 57 polyhedra per cell (Slavicek et al., 1996) Spodoptera frugiperda MNPV and Spodoptera frugiperda, with 399 polyhedra per cell (Almeida et al., 2005). 

However, other cells may respond differently to the toxin. In particular, platelets are able to resist the entry of pertussis toxin, either because they lack surface binding sites for the toxin B oligomer or because they are unable to internalize the bound toxin (Brass et al., 1990). PT-sensitive G proteins expressed in insect Sf9 cells (ovary cells from the insect Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells are employed as an overexpression system for G proteins and other signal transduction components by infection with recombinant baculovirus) are also not modified by the toxin (Mulheron et al., 1994). 

As an alternative, for the recombinant expression of eucaryotic proteins, selectively labeled amino acids can be introduced by the baculovirus expression system in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells at reasonable costs as shown [28]. Recently, the uniform isotope labeling of the Abl kinase using baculovirus-infected insect cells has been reported [29],... 

The active ingredient has been profiled in comparison to analogous derivatives in a battery of assay systems inter alia, against Aphis craccivora, Myzus persicae, Nilaparvata lugens, Spodoptera littoralis and Diabrotica balteata), and proved to be superior (Fig. 8.52 and Fig. 8.53). 

Expression of PHB biosynthesis genes in animal cells has been achieved in the cells of insect Spodoptera frugiperda and Trichopulsiani. In Spodoptera, an alternative pathway for the biosynthesis of PHB is created. The dehydratase domain mutant rat fatty acid synthase cDNA and phaC were expressed simultaneously which resulted into PHB synthesis (Wilhams et al., 1996). AhSiCv o vm, Autographa califomica nuclear polyhedrosis vims system has been also used to express PhaCj in Trichopulsiani cells. These cells accmnttlated PHB synthase in 50% of the total cell protein. 

Expression systems include Spodoptera frugiperda (moth), Trichoplusia ni (moth), Bombyx mori (silkworm), and Drosophila sp. (fruitfly)... 

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