Spirometra

Cox, C.S., Phares, C.K. and Schmidt, R.A. (1990) Molecular characterization of the Spirometra mansonoides genome renaturation kinetics, methylation, and hybridization to human cDNA probes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1049, 134-144. 

Liu, D., Kato, H. and Sugane, K. (1 997) The nucleotide sequence and predicted secondary structure of small subunit (1 8S) ribosomal RNA from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. Cene 1 84, 221-227. 

Pietrzak, S.M. and Saz, H.J. (1981) Succinate decarboxylation to propionate and the associated phosphorylation in Fasciola hepatica and Spirometra mansonoides. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 3, 61-70. 

Fig. 21.6. Glycosphingolipids of Pseudophyllida. Glycolipids of Spirometra erinacei were analysed by Kawakami et al. (1995) [1], (1993) [2] and (1996) [3], Glycolipids of S. mansonoides were analysed by Singh et al. (1987) [4]. Glycolipids of D. balaenopterae and D. hottai were characterized by Kawakami et al. (1997) [5] and Iriko et al. (2002) [6], respectively. Gal((S1 -6)-units are marked by boxes. Cer, ceramide.

Kawakami, Y., Nakamura, K., Kojima, H., Suzuki, M., Inagaki, F., Suzuki, A., Sonoki, S., Uchida, A., Murata, Y. and Tamai, Y. (1993) Glycosphingolipids of plerocercoids of parasite, Spirometra erinacei. Glycoconjugate journal 10, 339. 

Singh, B.N., Beach, D.H., Walenga, R.W., Mueller, J.F. and Holz, G.G. (1987) Neutral glycosphingolipids of Spirometra life-cycle stages. In Maclnnis, A.J. (ed.) Molecular Paradigms of Eradicating fielminthic Parasites. A.R. Liss, New York, pp. 493-506. 

As indicated above, the fact that oxygen is consumed in vitro does not imply that oxygen is utilised in vivo, unless evidence is presented that a similar level of oxygen is available in vivo. Some species (Spirometra mansonoides, Mesocestoides corti, Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta) can be successfully cultured under strict anaerobic conditions, whereas others (H. microstoma, T. crassiceps, Echinococcus sp.) thrive best under air (796 Chapter 10). The significance of oxidative processes in the energy balance of cestodes is discussed in Chapter 5. 

Many species of cestodes, especially the larvae, contain large numbers of curious concretions, termed calcareous corpuscles, made up of an organic base together with inorganic material. They are composed of concentric lamellae and vary in size in some species they are very large - 16-32 /xm (Spirometra mansonoides, E. granulosus) - but, in most species, they measure about 12 jam. They have been the subject of a number of studies (36, 135, 351, 385, 386, 594, 796, 912, 913, 914), but their composition, formation and, particularly, function still remain poorly understood. 

Spirometra mansonoides succinate, malate Acetate, propionate,... 

It has been purified (445) and shares some properties in common with malic enzymes from mammals and birds in being NADP-dependent, heat-stable and able to decarboxylate oxaloacetate. The malic enzyme of H. microstoma also has a marked specificity for NADP (216), contrasting with that of Spirometra mansonoides, which appears to be both NAD- and NADP-linked (220). Malic enzyme has been demonstrated in a range of other cestodes including Mesocestoides corti (399), Schistocephalus solidus (406), Moniezia expansa (60), Echinococcus spp. (500) and L. intestinalis (502). 

Mitochondria from adult H. diminuta exhibit an NADH-coupled fumarate reductase (Table 5.11). This presents a potential dilemma with respect to the utilisation of intramitochondrial reducing equivalents by this worm. As reducing equivalents are generated by the malic enzyme in the form of NADP, a mechanism for the transfer of hydride ions from NADPH to NAD to produce NADH is required so that electron-transport-associated activities can proceed and terminate with the reduction of fumarate to succinate. Such a mechanism does exist in H. diminuta as there is a non-energy-linked, membrane-associated transhydrogenase (214, 217, 221, 476). This transhydrogenase, which also occurs in H. microstoma (216) and Spirometra mansonoides (220) catalyses the reaction ... 

An acyl-CoA transferase has been detected in sonicated mitochondrial preparations from Spirometra mansonoides (643). 

Fig. 6.4. Time course of CN-[57Co]Cbl (cyanocobalamin) binding to microtriches membranes of Spirometra mansonoides. (After Friedman el a ., 1983.)...

Fig. 6.10. Multiple forms of cysteine protease from Spirometra erinacei plerocercoids detected by isoelectric focusing and amidoly tic activity with the synthetic substrate Bz-Arg-pNA. (After Fukase et al., 1985.)...

Table 8.7. Effect of plerocercoids ( spargana ) of Spirometra erinacei in mature mice. Body weight of mice in weeks (w) after infection. Mean S.D. (After Shiwaku et al., 19827...

Table 8.8. Spirometra mansonoides comparison of the activities of the plerocercoid growth factor (PGF) to those associated with mammalian growth hormone (GH). (Data from Phares, 1987 ...

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