Spermicides nonoxynol

Other companies have also produced condoms made from the polymer styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene which has the advantage of being even stretchier than polyurethane, thereby reducing the risk of tearing during use. There are also condoms lubricated with a combination of silicone oil and nonoxynol-9 which acts as a spermicide. Nonoxynol-9 is also used as a surfactant in cosmetic products, but it has the ability to interfere with the acrosomal membrane which covers the head of a sperm, causing it to become paralysed, which is why nonoxynol-9 has been widely used in lubricants for condoms and es-... 

A crystalline IC has been formed with a-CD and the liquid spermicide Nonoxynol-9 (N-9). Testing of siloxane rubbers embedded with small amounts of N-9-a-CD—IC... 

Body iotions and creams Hair shampoos Spermicides (nonoxynol-9 <10%)... 

Spermicides, most of which contain nonoxynol-9, are surfactants that destroy sperm cell walls. They offer no protection against STDs, and when... 

Topical spermicides such as nonoxynol-9 (N9) and benzalkonium chloride act on sperm membranes through a detergent effect, namely, hydrophobe-hydrophobe interaction between the active and substrate (spermatozoa). The idea was to optimize the cationic/hydrophobic polymer in the drug delivery system so epithelial cells were protected without sacrificing the drug s spermicidal activity. One of the questions that needed to be answered in designing an optimum cationic/hydrophobe modified polymer was the effect of the hydrophobe on the drug activity (N9 initially, and other actives subsequently). 

Birth control may also involve a spermicide, such as the nonoxynol-9 shown in Table 14.3. When used in conjunction with a barrier device, such as a condom or a cervical diaphragm, spermicides can be close to 95 percent effective at preventing pregnancy. 

Barnhart, K.T., et al. 2001. Distribution of a spermicide containing nonoxynol-9 in the vaginal canal and the upper female reproductive tract. Hum Reprod 16 1151. 

Lee, C.H., R. Bagdon, and Y.W. Chien. 1996. Comparative in vitro spermicidal activity and synergistic effect of chelating agents with nonoxynol-9 on human sperm functionality. J Pharm Sci 85 91. 

These include nonoxynol-9, octoxinol and p-di-isobutylphenoxypoly(ethoxyethanol). Spermicidal contraceptives are useful additional safeguards but do not give adequate contraceptive protection if used alone they are suitable for use with barrier methods. They have two components a spermicide and a vehicle which itself may have some inhibiting effects on sperm activity. Vehicles commonly used include foams, gels, creams and pessaries. 

Nonoxynol-9 is an approved spermicide with strong antiviral activity. A vaginal device which facilitates the controlled release of nonoxynol-9 has been developed for contraceptive and anti-STD purposes. The device, available as a diaphragm or a disk pessary, is fabricated from silicone elastomer matrix system. The drag release profile demonstrates square root time kinetics (M co tV2) (see Section 4.4.2). 

Spermicide-antiviral the polymer appears to be an effective delivery system for the spermicidal/antiviral agent nonoxynol-9. By its ability to adhere to vaginal tissue while retaining nonoxynol-9 in its gel structure, it is an excellent extended effect spermicide. As an antiviral, nonoxynol-9 can only kill free HIV and is not noticeably active when the virus is within a lymphocyte. In contrast, the bioadhesive gel containing nonoxynol-9 attaches to lymphocytes and maintains sufficient contact time to allow the nonoxynol-9 surfactant to disrupt the cell wall, thus eliminating the lymphocyte and killing the vims within. This suggests that the polymer may be useful in the prophylaxis of AIDS and the treatment of other sexually transmitted diseases. 

The vaginal use of spermicidal substances during sexual intercourse is perhaps the oldest method of contraception. However, the introduction of oral contraceptives and the intrauterine device in the 1960s led to the decay in their use. Since many of these substances also offer protection against sexually transmitted diseases, interest and investigation in this field have recently increased [288], Also, the development of new potential spermicides, namely antibodies [289], contributed to further awareness. Currently used spermicides include nonoxynol-9, octoxynol, benzalkonium chloride, and chlorhexidine. 

Raymond, E. G., Chen, P. L., and Luoto, J. (2004), Contraceptive effectiveness and safety of five nonoxynol-9 spermicides A randomized trial, Obstet. Gynecol., 103, 430 139. 

Fowler, P. T., Doncel, G. F., Bummer, P. M., and Digenis, G. A. (2003), Coprecipitation of nonoxynol-9 with polyvinylpyrrolidone to decrease vaginal irritation potential while maintaining spermicidal potency, AAPS PharmSciTech, 4, E30. 

Yu, K. Chien, Y. Spermicidal activity-structure relationship of nonoxynol oligomers physicochemical basis. Int. J. Pharm. 1995, 125, 81-90. 

Diao, X. Zou, S. Quigg, J. Kaminski, J. Zaneveld, L. Comparative vaginal spermicidal studies in the stumptailed macaque with aIkyloxynol-741, nonoxynol-9 and chlorhexidine. Contraception 1990, 42, 677-682. 

Bird KD. The use of spermicide containing nonoxynol-9 in the prevention of HIV infection. AIDS I99I 5(7) 79I-6. 

Many other polyoxyethylene ethers are commercially available and are also used as surfactants. In addition to their surfactant properties, the series of polyoxyethylene ethers with lauryl side chains, e.g. nonoxynol 10, are also widely used as spermicides. 

Spermicides, most of which contain nonoxynol-9, are chemical surfactants that destroy sperm cell walls and offer some protection against STDs and cervical cancer. They are available as foams, creams, suppositories, jellies, and flhn. Spermicidal tablets or suppositories require 10 to 30 minutes to dissolve. Spermicides can cause local irritation in both men and women. Additional spermicide must be used each time intercourse is repeated. 

Spermicide—A substance (nonoxynol-9 in the United States) placed in the vagina to inhibit the activity of sperm, thus reducing the risk of pregnancy available as vaginal creams, films, foams, gels, suppositories, sponges, and tablets. 

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