Spectrometer components

Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometer components, types of mass spectrometers, ionization sources, and scan types are described in Section 1.1.1. 

With the energy-dispersive design, an entire absorption spectrum is collected at once, without requiring any movement of the spectrometer components. Therefore, the superior stability of the DXAFS equipment permits reliable detection of small changes in the experimental spectra. 

We shall develop the theory necessary to understand quasioptics, but before that, it will be useful to consider factors that influence the choice of spectrometer components such as the magnet, the source, and the detector. In Section II we will give a brief review of the performance and characteristics of homodyne detectors. In our discussion of sources, we will discuss vacuum oscillators, such as the reflex klystron and backward wave oscillator, and solid-state sources, such as the Gunn diode. We will also discuss useful criteria for selecting a magnet. 

E.W. Hoppe, et al., "A method for removing surface contamination on ultra-pure copper spectrometer components," submitted for publication to J. Radioanal Nucl Chem., 2006. 

Precision (reproducibility) is governed by counting statistics, stability of the spectrometer components, and sample homogeneity. 

Most modern, commercially available mid-IR instrnments are bnilt aronnd an interferometer and are different in this respect from their predecessor, the diffraction IR spectrometer. A modern instrnment consists of a sonrce of IR radiation, an interferometer, a sample chamber, and a detector. Brief comments on varions spectrometer components are provided in the following text. Details of topics related to instrnmentation can be obtained from the literature [66]. 

Using spreadsheets to calculate unknown concentrations, and their standard deviations from the calibration curve, p. 481 Spectrometers (components) for UV, visible, and IR regions, p. 483 FTIR spectrometers, p. 499 Spectrometric error, p. 501 Fluorometry, p. 505 Optical sensors and fiber optics, p. 511... 

TABLE 2.1 Mass Spectrometer Components and Their Functions. 36... 

The layout of the major fluorescence spectrometer components is shown in Figure 1. The characteristic feature of this arrangement is that any fluorescence emitted by the sample is detected at 90° to the incident light beam. This geometry, pioneered by Stokes in the 1850s, is still used in virtually all commercial and laboratory-built fluorescence instruments, inevitably with many additions, variations. 

Infrared analysis Used to identify the chemical functional groups present in the sample and also the types of bonds in it by detecting the absorption spectra of vibrational levels of atoms or molecules. FTIR In a dispersive IR-Spectrometer, component frequencies are viewed individually with Fourier Transform IR. All frequencies are simultaneously examined in much more details. 

Depolarized Rayleigh scattering experiments will certainly profit from improvements of laser systems, of spectrometer components and of spectra sampling cuid data evaluation systems. The most severe difficulty facing the depolarized Rayleigh and Raman technique to study reorientational dynamics in liquids, however, is not technical but is the problem of the separation of the orientational from the non-orientational interaction induced spectral contributions. So far, no reliable separation procedure has been developed in general. Recent molecular dynamics calculations even have cast some doubt on the validity of separation schemes so far considered to be valid under rather general conditions. ... 

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