Specific refining energy

The two parameters that describe the refining process by the specific edge load theory are SEL or intensity of refining and specific refining energy (SRE) and these are defined below. 

Figure 13.18. Developments of these two important strength properties were achieved with the trial plates at a maximum refining intensity of 5.7 Ws/m and NSE range between 100 and 200 kWh/t. With the existing plate pattern (BW and TW results), a similar or lower level of strength development was achieved at more than twice the net specific refining energy.

The effects of net specific refining energy on pulp freeness after Rl and R2 of B W refiners that were fitted with HI trial plates are shown in Figure 13.21. Data of the TW and the MW after R2 of both the lines that had Rl with HI plate and R2 as existing plate are also shown in the same graph. The filled symbols correspond to values after the Rl refiner, while unfilled symbols represent data after the R2 refiner of BW. Similar plots for WRV are shown in Figure 13.22. 

What is the amount of net specific refining energy applied on the top ply ... 

Although a mature technology, Cs atomic clocks continue to be steadily refined. In particular, the ability with laser light to probe and pump atoms to specific internal energy states as well to control the external motion of the atom (with laser cooling for example) has lead to further refinements in the classical ABMR atomic clocks... 

Assisted model building with energy refinement (AMBER) is the name of both a force field and a molecular mechanics program. It was parameterized specifically for proteins and nucleic acids. AMBER uses only five bonding and nonbonding terms along with a sophisticated electrostatic treatment. No cross terms are included. Results are very good for proteins and nucleic acids, but can be somewhat erratic for other systems. 

Synthetic fuels derived from shale or coal will have to supplement domestic suppHes from petroleum someday, and aircraft gas turbine fuels producible from these sources have been assessed. Shale-derived fuels can meet current specifications if steps are taken to reduce the nitrogen levels. However, extracting kerogen from shale rock and denitrogenating the jet fuel are energy-intensive steps compared with petroleum refining it has been estimated that shale jet fuel could be produced at about 70% thermal efficiency compared with 95% efficiency for petroleum (25). Such a difference represents much higher cost for a shale product. 

When the temperature of the analyzed sample is increased continuously and in a known way, the experimental data on desorption can serve to estimate the apparent values of parameters characteristic for the desorption process. To this end, the most simple Arrhenius model for activated processes is usually used, with obvious modifications due to the planar nature of the desorption process. Sometimes, more refined models accounting for the surface mobility of adsorbed species or other specific points are applied. The Arrhenius model is to a large extent merely formal and involves three effective (apparent) parameters the activation energy of desorption, the preexponential factor, and the order of the rate-determining step in desorption. As will be dealt with in Section II. B, the experimental arrangement is usually such that the primary records reproduce essentially either the desorbed amount or the actual rate of desorption. After due correction, the output readings are converted into a desorption curve which may represent either the dependence of the desorbed amount on the temperature or, preferably, the dependence of the desorption rate on the temperature. In principle, there are two approaches to the treatment of the desorption curves. 

No information concerning the specific production volumes of mineral oil hydraulic fluids was found in the available literature. The National Petroleum Refiners Association (NPRA 1992) reported that 192 million gallons of automatic transmission fluids, universal tractor hydraulic/transmission fluids, energy/ shock absorber and power steering fluids, and other automotive hydraulic fluids were sold in 1991. Virtually all of these fluids are mineral oil hydraulic fluids (Chrisope and Landry 1993 Papay 1989, 1991 Wills 1980). This volume is lower than sales volumes for 1990 (216 million gallons), 1989 (221 million... 

---