Specific gravities of liquids

It is likely that volumetric measures were used for quantity deterrnination when commodities were first bartered however, it has been established with certainty that weighing scales or balances have been in use for at least 7,000 years (1). Measuring by weight instead of by volume eliminates some very considerable inaccuracies from, for example, changes in specific gravity of liquids with temperature, or changes in density of solids owing to voids. 

Determination of Specific Gravity.—A simple method for determining the specific gravity of liquids is as follows I. pyknometer, or small glass bottle, is used of about 20 to 30 c.c. capacity, with narrow neck, upon which a mark is etched and which is closed by a ground glass stopper (Fig. 45). 

G = specific graslty of gas (air = 1.0) or specific gravity of liquid (water = 1.0) at actual discharge temperature. A specific grasdty at any lower temperature will obtain a safe valve size. 

SpGr = specific gravity of liquid, referenced to water at the same temperature Sg = SpGr of gas relative to air, equals ratio of mol wt of gas to that of air, or liquid fluid specific gravity relative to water, with water = 1.0 at 60°F... 

S" = Slip, quantity of fluid that leaks through internal clearances of rotary pump per unit time, GPM SpGr = Specific gravity of liquid at pumping temperature referred to water =1.0 s = Stroke, in. 

The specific gravities of liquid chemicals vary widely, e.g. for the majority of hydrocarbon fuels s.g. <1.0 but for natural oils and fats s.g. >1.0. Density is generally reduced by any increase in temperature. As a result ... 

An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of liquids. It consists of a weighted bulb with a thin graduated stem it floats vertically in the liquid to be tested and the specifc gravity is read off at the point where the liquid level meets the stem. 

A scale for expressing the specific gravity of liquids, named after William Twaddell, whereby 200 degrees Twaddell equates to a sg of 1. 

For jet fuel the energy of explosion is 18,590 Btu/lb and the molecular weight is 160. 6-30. You have decided to purchase a 500-gal tank of liquid propane (C3H8) to heat your house during the winter. You are concerned about tank rupture and the possibility of a vapor cloud explosion of all the propane. How far away (in ft) must the tank be from the house to ensure that your house will receive only minor damage from an explosion The specific gravity of liquid propane is 0.500, and the energy of explosion for propane is 503.9 kcal/g-mol. 

The temperature is 80°F and the ambient pressure is 1 atm. Make sure you clearly state any assumptions. The vapor pressure of liquid butane at 80°F is 40 psia, and the specific gravity of liquid butane at 80°F is 0.571. 

Hydrometer. A device for measuring specific gravity of liquids. Its description with Fig is given in Vol 3 of Encycl, p D67, under DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY... 

Frequently, the specific gravity, d, is used, which is defined as the ratio of the weight of any volume of a given liquid at temperature t to the weight of an equal volume of a standard, usually water, at temperature t2. The commonly reported specific gravity of liquids, d A, in which the standard is water at 4°C with its density nearly identical to 1.0000gem-3, is numerically equal to the density pi at temperature t. 

Specific gravity of liquids may also be detd at other temps, such as 4° (temp of maximum density of w = 1.0000), 20°, 25°, etc (See also Ref 23, Method D1217)... 

Fill a clean 50ml pycnometer, similar to the one described as item c under Determina-n at ion of Densities and Specific Gravities of Liquids , with distd w, freshly boiled and cooled to 10° and insert the stopper provided with a thermometer. Take care nor to introduce air bubbles and to have the capillary of side arm filled with water flush with the top. 

In testing extracts, it suffices to dissolve or dilute them with water. The solutions are subjected to the above tests, also to others described below for the detection of adulterations, and to those indicated" later for the more important separate extracts. From the commercial point of view, interest attaches also to the specific gravity of liquid extracts, this being measured with a hydrometer and usually expressed in degrees BaumA... 

Battery a series of stills or other refinery equipment operated as a unit. Baume gravity the specific gravity of liquids expressed as degrees on the Baume (°Be) scale for liquids lighter than water ... 

A liter flask contains a mixture of two liquids (A and B) of specific gravity 1.4. The specific gravity is the density of the sample relative to that of water. The specific gravity of liquid A is 0.8 and that of liquid B is 1.8. What volume of each must have been put into the flask Assume the volumes are additive with no volume changes on mixing. 

Liquid Density Specific Gravity of Liquid Compared to Water (4°C)... 

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