Measurements specific gravity

Both batch and continuous processes are suitable for commercial chlorination. The progress of the chlorination is convenientiy followed by specific gravity measurements. 

Suspensions are generally evaluated with respect to their particle size, electrokinetic properties (zeta potential), and rheological characteristics. A detailed discussion on the methods/techniques and relevant instrumentation is given in Sec. VII. A number of evaluating methods done specifically with suspension dosage forms, such as sedimentation volume, redispersibility, and specific gravity measurements, will be treated in this section. 

The total solid (dry matter) content of potato can be obtained by freeze-drying. Dry matter content is determined from the difference in the weight of potato samples before and after freeze-drying. The potato dry matter can also be estimated from the specific gravity measurements. In recent years, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used to measure specific gravity of potatoes. The NIR spectra (700-1100 nm) of potato samples are acquired, and partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis can be used to develop a predictive model for specific gravity (Scanlon et al., 1999). 

Simple tests include urine volume, pH, and specific gravity measurement kidney weight/body weight ratio and detection of the presence of protein or cells in the urine. 

Measurement of gas viscosity is very tedious. Obtaining accurate measurements on a routine basis is difficult. Thus, gas viscosity is estimated from correlations using the values of gas specific gravities measured in the differential liberation. Gas viscosity correlations as given in Chapter 6 or Appendix B are used. 

Balanced-fiow Vessel. In this method of specific gravity measurement, a vessel with a fixed-volume is weighed automatically by means of a scale, spring, or use of a pneumatic force-balance system, The liquid being measured flows continuously into and out of the vessel by way of flexible connections. Accuracy of the system is very good. 

Similar comments apply to the apparent °Brix and true percent-weight concentrations determined by density/specific gravity measurement. Assuming the percent-weightconcen-tration is accurate, for a concentration of x (wt%), moisture content is (100 -x)%. 

A few fruits were carefully peeled, and small sections were cut from the peel with a razor. It was practical to separate sections of the flavedo and albedo. Using a standard pycnometer, specific gravity measurements revealed these typical values ... 

In the petroleum industry it is customary to express the specific gravity of crude oils in terms of API gravity. The relationship between API gravity and specific gravity measured at 60° F is expressed by the equation... 

M29. Mortensen, R. A., and Hardinge, M., The determination of albumin and globulin in blood serum by specific gravity measurements. J. Lab. Clin. Invest. 28,1649-1654 (1943). 

The chromatograph analysis method is the preferred method to use if the specific gravity for the subfractions (carbon number fractions in this case) can be obtained. The results of specific gravity measurements... 

The application of thermal, metallographic. X-ray, conductivity and specific gravity measurements revealed the phase relations in the binary system Ni - S in the region from 30.0 to 50.0 at% S. The phase diagram given by Elliott [65ELL] is based on results of this study as well as the work of Kullerud and Yund [62KULA UN]. 

The increasing cost of natural gas justifies an improvement in accuracy of the heating value and specific gravity measurements. 

In each homologous alkane or cycloalkane family, the physical constants such as boiling point and refractive index are very useful. Specific gravity measurements even in the capillary mode still need relatively large quantities of compound. The most employed method for tentative identification and relative quantification of hydrocarbons is gas chromatography (GC). This method will be discussed in detail for separation of mixtures. 

The analytical chemistry of alcoholic beverages, of which the determination of ethanol is only one facet, continues to develop. However, several methods of analysis for ethanol are available and tradition, government legal requirements, and convenience, taken together or separately, usually govern the choice of method. These methods include (1) distillation and specific gravity measurement, (2) gas-liquid chromatography, (3) IR spectrometry, (4) headspace techniques, (5) enzyme methods, (6) chemical (colorimetric) methods, and (7) refractometry. These methods are now considered in turn. 

Purity (/4ssay). There is one test run by almost every quality control lab to answer the following How much of what I want is in the final product The complexity of purity tests runs the gamut from a simple taste/smell test or specific gravity measurement to a gas or liquid chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer. In almost every case, an IR or NIR scan can give as much (or more) information as any complex test and may be performed on-line instead of in the lab. 

FIGURE 2.18 A stainless-steel cylindrical mould (internal diameter 25 mmx 25mm high) with a micrometer for measuring the diameter. A sample of polyester has a piece of thread cast in to aid specific gravity measurement. 

Urine specific gravity measurements can be used to assess the degree of urine concentration, as, for instance, in the water excretion or water dilution tests (qv). Protein and glucose in the urine, however, increase the specific gravity. In recent years, osmometry has replaced specific gravity measurements. 

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