Species-area relationship

H. (2006). The imprint of the geographical, evolutionary and ecological context on species-area relationships. Ecology Letters 9, 215-227. 

Dispersal and establishment spatial patterns and species-area relationships. Diversity and Distributions 11, 333-340. 

Peintinger, M., Bergamini, A., Schmid, B. (2003). Species-area relationships and nestedness of four taxonomic groups in fragmented wetlands. Basic and Applied Ecology 4,385-394. 

Azovsky, A.I. (2002). Size-dependent species-area relationships in benthos is the world more diverse for miciohesJ Ecography 25, 273-282. 

Triantis, K.A. et al. (2010). Are species-area relationships from entire archipelagos congruent with those of their constituent islands Global Ecology and Biogeography 19, 527-540. 

Even that kind of information is not available for forest species. Other than chronic injury to white pine (associated with ozone, sulfur dioxide, and their mixtures), no clearly defined examples of chronic injury from ozone have been reported for eastern forests, and no information is available on PAN. It is of interest that both Virginia and jack pine appear more sensitive than white pine to acute ozone exposures, but chronic symptoms have not been observed in either species. The relationship between oxidant dose and injury in the San Bernardino Mountains area suggests that ponderosa pine is moderately to severely injured in areas that receive oxidant at above 0.08 ppm for 12-13 h each day (Chapter 12). Ponderosa pine seems to be the most sensitive western pine, but in some areas Jeffrey pine is about as sensitive. White fir, incense cedar, and sugar pine all appear more tolerant, even to the high oxidant concentrations in the San Bernardino Mountains. PAN may play some role in the chronic responses noted in the western forest species, particularly by broadleaf deciduous trees and some shrubs. 

In the study of biogeography and the mathematical analysis of wildlife reserves, Mazumdar (1989) has examined relationships among species, area, and extinction rates. The design of animal and plant reserves cannot happen haphazardly if extinction is to be minimized or avoided altogether. Reserves must be designed to allow maximum mobility within a reserve and between reserves. The figure illustrates the principles involved in this design ... 

K., Vardinoyannis, K. (2003). A model for the species-area-habitat relationship. Journal of Biogeography 30,19-27. 

No apparent correlation between number of species and biogeographic unit size (compare, for example, units D and A) has been identified. Even if not formally tested, this seems to contradict the species/area effect (see Gaston and Blackburn, 2000). However, this relationship is not explored in detail here because unit size/area is difficult to quantify cuttlefishes live near the bottom of the sea, so the biogeographic size unit measure would have to be based more on the effective available surface... 

One can write acid-base equilibrium constants for the species in the inner compact layer and ion pair association constants for the outer compact layer. In these constants, the concentration or activity of an ion is related to that in the bulk by a term e p(-erp/kT), where yp is the potential appropriate to the layer [25]. The charge density in both layers is given by the algebraic sum of the ions present per unit area, which is related to the number of ions removed from solution by, for example, a pH titration. If the capacity of the layers can be estimated, one has a relationship between the charge density and potential and thence to the experimentally measurable zeta potential [26]. 

It is appropriate to emphasize again that mechanisms formulated on the basis of kinetic observations should, whenever possible, be supported by independent evidence, including, for example, (where appropriate) X-ray diffraction data (to recognize phases present and any topotactic relationships [1257]), reactivity studies of any possible (or postulated) intermediates, conductivity measurements (to determine the nature and mobilities of surface species and defects which may participate in reaction), influence on reaction rate of gaseous additives including products which may be adsorbed on active surfaces, microscopic examination (directions of interface advance, particle cracking, etc.), surface area determinations and any other relevant measurements. 

Perhaps the most unusual observation in this study, other than the unique pigment profile in S. angulatus, is the simple and identical flavonoid profile in the Kenyan, Madagascaran, and Canary Islands specimens. A close relationship between the two varieties from East Africa is not difficult to appreciate. The occurrence of this profile in specimens from the Canary Islands, however, points to a closer relationship than the distance between these areas might suggest. There is no way to know, at least from the data presented, whether this represents a case of convergence of flavonoid biosynthetic capacities involving unrelated species, whether it points to a relationship based... 

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