Special Fire Safety Considerations

The Range Rule also confirms this problem with deterioration of explosive fillers. It states, As they deteriorate over time, some explosives may form sensitive crystals that could detonate if subjected to heat, shock or friction. Chemical munitions contain toxics that present additional safety risks. High explosive fillers, deteriorated explosives, and chemical munitions are a few examples of Military Munitions where the filler itself requires special safety considerations, even if the fusing mechanism is no longer capable of firing. ... 

Worker safety issues are important when handling any organic solvent. Written procedures that follow the MSDS guidelines are recommended for all workers who handle any of the ester solvents. Workers must remember that all of the esters have flash points as listed in the physical property tables. The vapors which are heavier than air can travel considerable distance to an ignition source and flashback. The esters also create a special fire hazard because the solvents float on water. The use of carbon dioxide or dry chemical is recommended for small fires and alcohol-aqueous film-forming foam or water fog for large fires. Water may be ineffective but can be used to cool fire-exposed structures and vessels. All of the solvents have a limited flammability range... 

However, the well-known facts such as increasingly strict safety requirements, the accident occurred at the Almeria facility, as well as rearrangements in the secondary circuit ceUs of the Super-Phenix reactor gave an imptilse to additional consideration of potentially more intensive sodium fire in the incredible accidents with instantaneous ruptures of pipelines. In this connection, modeling studies on this problem have been started at the IPPE. The first experiments with sodium have been carried out. They have been specially made under the most adverse conditions instantaneous rupture, vertical upward jet, obstacle at the jet route, outflow stream velocity up to 25 m/sec. 

Most standards for nuclear criticality safety deal with U and, to a lessw degree. and Pu. However, increasing production df other transuranium nuclides that can be made critical has necessitated consideration of the fis e properties. and critical masses of these special materials. A work group (Table I) was formed to draft a new standard that would be an extension of the standard for criticality safety in Operations outside of reactors (NI6.1-197S/ANS- -8.1). Subcritical mass limits for 14 new nuclides (Tables II and. Ill), were developed however, fire major application of thb hew standard is expected to be te setting operational liihits in facilities that handle six important nuclides, namely, Np, " u. Pu, "Aih, and n m. 

Functional safety of instrumentation, failure classes, reliability, safety function performance, calculations of probability of failure on demand (PFD). Special considerations for fire and gas systems. SIS for integrated system SIS vs SIL. 

Where the site of a nuclear power plant requires consideration of the effects of an aircraft crash at or near the site, a fire hazard analysis of such an event should be made. It should be taken into account in this analysis that fires may occur at several locations because of the spreading of the aircraft s fuel. Smoke may also be produced at several locations. Spedal equipment such as foam generators and entrenching tools as well as specially trained on-site and off-site fire fighting personnel may be used to prevent such fires from penetrating structures containing items important to safety. (See Ref. [6], Section 2.)... 

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