Space applicability

Space Applications. The growth of powder metahurgy in space technology has arisen from the difficulty of handling many materials in conventional fusion-metahurgy techniques, the need for controhed porosity, and the requirement of many special and unique properties (60,61). Powder metahurgy is applied in low density components with emphasis on porous tungsten for W—Ag stmctures, beryhium compounds, titanium and... 

W. D. Weatherford, Jr., J. C. Tyler, and P. M. Ku, Properties of Inorganic Energy-Conversion and Heat-Transfer Eluidsfor Space Applications, WADD Technical Report No. 61-96, Southwest Research Institute, Nov. 1961. 

Motion around curve of varying radius. Space applications. Rotary-coordinated analyses. 

Weaver, C E. and Chilcoat, B.R., Carbon-bonded carbon fiber for space applications. Paper presented at the 1994 American Carbon Society Workshop, Oak Ridge, TN., May 15-18, 1994. 

Willard H. Sutton, B. Walter Rosen, and Donald G. Flom, Whisker-Reinforced Plastics for Space Applications, SPE Joumai, November 1964, pp. 1203-1209. 

More advanced insulations are also under development. These insulations, sometimes called superinsulations, have R that exceed 20 fthh-°F/Btu-m. This can be accomplished with encapsulated fine powders in an evacuated space. Superinsulations have been used commercially in the walls of refrigerators and freezers. The encapsulating film, which is usually plastic film, metallized film, or a combination, provides a barrier to the inward diffusion of air and water that would result in loss of the vacuum. The effective life of such insulations depends on the effectiveness of the encapsulating material. A number of powders, including silica, milled perlite, and calcium silicate powder, have been used as filler in evacuated superinsulations. In general, the smaller the particle size, the more effective and durable the insulation packet. Evacuated multilayer reflective insulations have been used in space applications in past years. 

Battery systems of complex design and structure using—at least for one electrode—expensive materials are (for economic reasons) mainly conceived as storage batteries. Primary (and "reserve") versions of the zinc/silver oxide battery [(-) Zn/KOH/AgO (+)] — as a first example—are only used in particular cases where the question of cost is not crucial, e.g., for marine [26-28] and space applications [29]. 

Plastics will continue to be required in space applications from rockets to vehicles for landing on other planets. The space structures, reentry vehicles, and equipment such as antennas, sensors, and an astronaut s personal communication equipment that must operate outside the confines of a spaceship will encounter bizarre environments. Temperature extremes, thermal stresses, micrometeorites, and solar radiation are sample conditions that are being encountered successfully that include the use of plastics. 

Probably the largest use of Ni is in the manuf of Monel metal, stainless steels, Ni-chrome resistance wire, in alloys for electronic and space applications, and as a catalyst (Raney Ni). It is also used as a fuel in pyrotechnics (Ref 2) and... 

NONA combines exceptional heat stability with a very low vap press, making it attractive as a booster expl in space applications Refs 1) J.C. Dacons, Heat Resistant Explosives VIII 2,2,4,4,6,6 -Hexanitrobiphenyl (HNB) ... 

Among the more specialized books is the recent Handbook of Pyrotechnics by K.O. Brauer (Ref 152) which covers, its title notwithstanding, chiefly aspects of ordnance engineering as it applies to space technology, unlike the Aerospace Ordnance Handbook (Ref 133) which contains useful information on pyrotechnics which is not restricted to space applications. For civilian pyrotechnics, the Rev. R. Lancaster s book (Ref 145) is current, while the history of pyrotechnics in antiquity was scholarly presented by J. Partington (Ref 130)... 

Originally photovoltaic devices were restricted to space applications, due to their high cost. In the last few years, cost has been reduced by more than an order of magnitude and the spectrum of applications is now much broader. 

ISPP imits are not the only micro device imits of interest for space applications micro fuel cells, compact cleanup units for water treatment, portable heating and cooling units and devices for chemical processing and mining are considered [91]. 

The second example of property space applications concerns the dipephde camo-sine (P-alanine-L-histidine, see Fig. 1.4) which represents the archetype of a series of histidine-containing dipeptides whose full physiological role remains poorly understood despite extensive studies in recent years [18-20]. Carnosine is synthesized by carnosine synthetase and hydrolyzed by dipeptidases (also called camosi-nases) which belong to the metalloproteases [21]. 

Flow boiling of other alkali metals CHF data for other alkali metals were reported by Fisher et al. (1964, 1965), who tested rubidium and cesium in axial and swirl flow and potassium in swirl flow. The data were correlated by postulating a mist or fog flow model for the hydrodynamic situation in the heated section in which CHF occurs. These investigations were motivated by the potential use of alkali metals as Rankine cycle working media in space applications and have not been pursued further, because there is no longer interest in such concepts. 

Nigra, P. Freeman, D.L. Doll, J.D., Combining smart darting with parallel tempering using Eckart space Application to Lennard-Jones clusters, J. Chem. Phys. 2005,122... 

Gu J-D, Mitchell R (1995) Microbiological influenced corrosion of metal, degradation and deterioration of materials of space applications. Chin J Mater Res 9 (suppl.) 473-489... 

However, there is still an interest in achieving low temperatures with the Stirling-type PTR [86], This is especially important for space applications, since it is impossible to use a large water-cooled GM-type compressor in space. 

Aluminium alloys are very seldom used below their transition temperatures ( 1.2K) [12], but find application at temperatures above 4K [13] where the thermal conductivity is lower than that of the pure metal [14], and the mechanical characteristics are much better. In particular, because of their lightness, good mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity [15-17], aluminium alloys are often used in the realization of structures and shields in space applications [18-20],... 

There are two characteristics that make helium attractive for space applications the first is weight (about 0.125 kg/1) the second is its superfluidity. Helium becomes superfluid at T< 2.17K (p < 37.8 torr). Thanks to superfluiduty, helium forms a film that completely covers the walls of the container and guarantees a homogeneous cooling even if most of the liquid does not have a fixed position inside the container (no gravity). 

A review and a performance comparison of liquid helium cryostats flown or planned for space flights is reported in ref. [40], A survey of low-power cryocooler suitable for space applications is done in ref. [41,42],... 

Chapter 14. Practical, industrial and space applications of cryogenics... 

Schock, H. W. Bogus, K. 1998. Development of CIS solar cells for space applications, edited by Schmid, J. Ossenbrink, H. A. Helm, R Ehmann H. Dunlop, E. D. Proc. 2nd World Conf. on Photovolt. Energy Conf. (E. C. Joint Res. Center, Luxembourg), pp. 3586. 

Perfluoropolyethers emerged on the market in the early 1970s. The first perfluoropolyether was the homopolymer of hexafluoropropylene oxide produced by DuPont, which has the structure [—CF2CF(CF3)0—] and this new lubricant material was called Krytox.31,32 Krytox was and is used in most of the vacuum pumps and diffusion oil pumps for the microelectronics industry because it does not produce any hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon vapor contamination. It also has important applications in the lubrication of computer tapes and in other data processing as well as military and space applications. 

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