Soybean rust

Many diseases and insects through premature senescence or plant death can indirectly affect soybean seed quality. Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, attacks soybean leaves primarily, but not seed, leading to defoliation and early senescence. Yield losses are due to a reduction in seed number and seed size. Seed size losses of 12 to 20% can occur (Arias et al., 2005 Dupleich et al., 2005). 

Goldsmith, P.D. G. Schnitkey. Soybean rust scenario model Crop year 2005 decision-making requires planning. Feedstuffi 2005, 77, March 7. 

Asian Soybean Rust became an economic threat to the Brazilian soybean crop in 2002. Fungicide applications rose from less than 5.00/A (<1% of operating costs in 2001) to over 40/A (>15% of operating costs) by 2005 (Fig. 21.14). Costs rose for three reasons (i) the disease spread and affected more regions (ii) the Real strengthened and as a result increased the cost of the base products and (iii) the intensity of the disease increased, causing farmers to spray multiple times (Fig. 21.15). 

Fig. 21.14. Costs associated with Asian Soybean Rust in Brazil (2000-2006) in Mato Grosso, Brazil (Source Ma, 2007).

Robinson R A. USDA s Preparation for Asian Soybean Rust. Available http //www. gao.gOv/new.items/d05668r.pdf. 

Latin America has gained increasing importance for triazole fungicides because of the arrival of a new devastating disease, soybean rust Phakopsora pachyrhizi), in Brazilian soybean production. 

Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi. Further, control of soybean rust Phakopsora pachyr-hizi) with the product Enable is under investigation in the USA and in Latin America. 

Fig. 10.7 Challenges from new diseases Asian rust in soybeans.

Schoen, D.J. J.J. Burdon A.H.D. Brown.. Resistance of Glycine tomentella to soybean leaft rust Phakopsora pachyrhizi in relation to ploidy level and geographical distribution. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992, 83, 827-832. 

Singh, B.B. S.C. Gupta B.D. Singh. Sources of field resistance to rust and yellow mosaic diseases of soybean. Indian J. Genet. Plant Breed. 1974, 34, 400-404. 

Rust presents two basic challenges for producers first, a devastating fungal disease, eliminating 100% of the crop if left untreated second, knowing when, where, and how much to spray. (Organic soybean producers are extremely vulnerable because there is no known organic treatment for rust.) The uncertainty associated with man-... 

The most important tactic for producers when operating under the threat of rust is scouting and being aware of infestation levels nationally, regionally, and locally. Numerous Web sources, sentinel plots, and weather forecasting models were assembled to help soybean producers manage the risks associated with rust. 

PEG di-2-ethylhexoate PEG-3 di-2-ethylhexoate PEG-2 stearate Phenolic resin Pine (Pinus palustris) tar Polybutene Soybean (Glycine soja) oil Tall oil acid Tall oil rosin Trioctyl phosphate plasticizer, rubber industrial Butoxyethyl stearate plasticizer, rubber magnetic tapes Butoxyethyl stearate plasticizer, rubberized fabrics Dibutyl tartrate plasticizer, rust inhibitors Butyl myristate plasticizer, SBR... 

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