Sources of alkaloids

The genera of Aconitum (commonly known as Monkshood) and Delphinium, and to a lesser extent Rumex, Consolida, and Spiraea, have long been recognized as a rich source of alkaloid natural products [1], The diterpenoid alkaloids are generally classified into two major groups the Ci9-diterpenoid alkaloids (sometimes referred to as the Cig-norditerpenoid alkaloids) and the C2o-diterpenoid alkaloids. Within the C2o-diterpenoid alkaloids, at least 11 separate classes have been isolated, including the hetisine alkaloids (Chart 1.1). 

There are two sources of alkaloids in animals, as already mentioned in the text. The first is the ability to synthesize them, and the second is through dietary... 

Manske RHF. Sources of alkaloids and their isolation. In Manske RHF, Holmes HL, eds. The Alkaloids. Vol. 1. New York Academic Press, 1950 1-11. 

A source of alkaloids and one of the most deadly drugs known used to relieve pain locally, to lower blood pressure, and to reduce fever... 

Another important source of alkaloids of the ephedrine type is the khat shrub Catha edulis (284), cultivated in certain parts of eastern Africa and southern Arabia. Two major alkaloids in khat are norpseudoephedrine and norephedrine, which occur in a proportion of approximately 4 1 (250). A new alkaloid, (S)-2-aminopropiophenone, has been discovered in fresh leaves of khat and... 

Verazine (138) appears to be an important early intermediate in the biosynthesis of Veratrum grandiflorum alkaloids, e.g. solanidine (139).120 Apparent correlation between changes in arginine content and accumulation of verazine (138) in dormant V. grandiflorum rhizomes, as well as the observation that l-[15N]arginine is a much more effective source for solanidine biosynthesis than [15N]ammonium chloride, indicates that arginine is a primary source of alkaloidal nitrogen.121... 

T. aquilegifolium L., a species that grows in western Anatolia, is not a rich source of alkaloids, with only the monomeric aporphines magnoflorine, isoboldine, and isocorydine having been isolated. 

The genus Teclea is another rich source of alkaloids from T. bovincana come the new acridones, 6-methoxytecleanthine (12), 1,3,5-trimethoxy-lO-methylacridone (13) (J. Vaquette et al.. Plant.med.Phytother., 1974, 8, 57) and 1,3,4-trimethoxy-lO-methylacridone (14) (idem., Planta Med., 1978, 33, 78). 

The pandemic nettle family, Urticaceae, was hardly known as a source of alkaloids until the isolation of the phenanthroquinolizidine base cryptopleurine (31) from two Boehmeria spp., together with certain others such as the seco-base, julandine (32), that appear to be biosynthetically related to it 47. The latter had not been recorded previously, but cryptopleurine was already known, having been obtained from a lauraceous plant referred to later apart from these examples, another genus of the Urticaceae, Cypholophus, produced cypholophine (33), a new type of imidazole alkaloid [48. ... 

Chapter 3 by Raymond J. Andersen, Rob W. M. Van Soest and Fangming Kong of the University of British Columbia and the University of Amsterdam, treats "3-Alkylpiperidine Alkaloids Isolated from Marine Sponges in the Order Haplosclerida". Marine sponges occur in all the world s oceans and are frequently one of the dominant life forms on tropical coral reefs and under the Antarctic ice cap. Studies over the past thirty years have shown that sponges are a rich source of alkaloids. Many of these sponge alkaloids are related to each other by the presence of a 3-alkylpiperidine moiety in their structures. It happens that the sponges that have been reported to contain 3-alkylpiperidine alkaloids are all in the order Haplosclerida. 

The following new sources of alkaloids have been reported Anona muricata, which yielded reticuline 65 Cinnamomum species, from which cinnamolaurine (36 R1 = Me, R2 + R3 = CH2,R4 = H), (+ )-reticuline(37 R = H), and a new... 

Table 3 summarizes reports concerning new sources of alkaloids. All new alkaloids exhibit the increasingly important morphinandienone or the complex and as yet rare hasubanan skeletons. 

Lycopodium serratum has been a rich source of alkaloids of this family, and serratidine (15 CigHasXOg) is another interesting compound... 

The Pandaca genus also appears to be a rich source of alkaloids of this group. P. ochrascens contains (—)-ibogaine, (—)-ibogaline, (—)-iboluteine, and two new... 

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