Source bioactivity

Erlund, I. 2004. Review of the flavonoids quercetin, hesperetin, and naringenin Dietary sources, bioactivities, bioavailability, and epidemiology. Nutr. Res. 24 851-874. 

Proteias are metabolized coatiauously by all living organisms, and are ia dyaamic equilibrium ia living cells (6,12). The role of amino acids ia proteia biosyathesis has beea described (2). Most of the amino acids absorbed through the digestioa of proteias are used to replace body proteias. The remaining portioa is metabolized iato various bioactive substances such as hormones and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, (the precursors of DNA and RNA) or is consumed as an energy source (6,13). 

Yamadas group [85,86] has also taken a Japanese Kampo medicine consisting of many different plants as a starting point for identifying bioactive plant polysaccharides. They foimd in the Kampo medicine Juzen-Taiho-To, composed of many plants, several bioactive polysaccharides with effects in different test systems that may influence the immune system. A study like this can lead to the identification of the best possible source of the plants in the mixture that contain bioactive polysaccharides. 

Aziridines are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis and commonly found in bioactive molecules. The transition metal-catalyzed nitrene transfer to alkenes is an attractive method for the synthesis of aziridines [7]. In 1984, Mansuy and coworkers reported the first example of an iron-catalyzed alkene aziridination in which iron porphyrin [Fe(TTP)Cl] was used as catalyst and PhINTs was used as nitrene source [30]. Subsequently, the same authors demonstrated that [Fe(TDCPP) (CIO4)] is a more efficient and selective catalyst than [Fe(TTP)Cl] (Scheme 20). 

The aim of our project was to study phloem as a source of fiber and polyphenols, and to develop a method to improve its taste without losing the potentially bioactive polyphenols. In addition, we wanted to investigate the bioavailability, cholesterolemic and antioxidative effects and safety of phloem and its phytonutrients in humans in a randomised double-blind trial. 

SRB contains high-quality protein, oil, dietary fiber, polysaccharides, fat-soluble phytochemicals (plant derived bioactive compounds) and other bran nutrients. Rice bran and germ are the richest natural sources of B complex vitamins as well as E vitamins, polyphenols, several antioxidants and minerals. It is now available in the commercial food ingredient market as a safe and effective functional food and dietary supplement. 

Carotenoid-rich extracts can be used for coloring purposes and serve as good sources of bioactive compounds. Breeding or genetic manipulation can substantially increase the carotenoid contents of plants, resulting in carotenoid-rich foods that can be applied either as direct sonrces of nutrients or as raw materials for extracting natnral yellow to red colorants. 

In plant plastids, GGPP is formed from products of glycolysis and is eight enzymatic steps away from central glucose metabolism. The MEP pathway (reviewed in recent literature - ) operates in plastids in plants and is a preferred source (non-mevalonate) of phosphate-activated prenyl units (IPPs) for plastid iso-prenoid accumulation, such as the phytol tail of chlorophyll, the backbones of carotenoids, and the cores of monoterpenes such as menthol, hnalool, and iridoids, diterpenes such as taxadiene, and the side chains of bioactive prenylated terpenophe-nolics such as humulone, lupulone, and xanthohumol. The mevalonic pathway to IPP that operates in the cytoplasm is the source of the carbon chains in isoprenes such as the polyisoprene, rubber, and the sesquiterpenes such as caryophyllene. 

Algae can be cultivated easily and quickly when compared to plants. They produce very high quantities of carotenoids compared to other sources (3.0 to 5.0% w/w on a dry weight basis). They contain both cis and trans isomers of carotenoids for high bioavailability and bioefflcacy, and also contain oxygenated carotenoids (xantho-phylls), which have greater bioactivity and better anticancer properties. The proteins from Dunaliella biomass can be utilized for bread and other products and whole cells can be utilized for animal, poultry, and fish foods because they are safe. ... 

One of the sources of the fuzziness surrounding these concepts may well be the implicit assumption in structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies that molecular structure contains (i.e. encodes) the information on the biological activity of a given compound. Such an assumption cannot be incorrect, since this would imply the fallacy of SAR studies. However, the assumption becomes misleading if not properly qualified to the effect that the molecular structure of a given compound contains only part of the information on its bioactivity. Indeed, what the structure of a compound encodes is information about the molecular features accounting... 

Dairy proteins are rich in nutrients and occupy a unique place of importance in food and human nutrition because of their wide acceptance in the world. Milk proteins are important in the diet because of the many health benefits associated with their consumption. The proteins have long been recognized as natural sources of health enhancing bioactive peptides because of their stmctural and physicochemical components as recently reviewed by Livney (2010). 

Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids have strong antioxidative properties and are used as efficient radical scavengers. In some natural sources several carotenoid isomers can be found, which differ in their biochemical activities such as bioavailability or antioxidation potency. Knowing the structure and concentration of each stereoisomer is crucial for an understanding of the effectiveness... 

Composite sensing layers, consisting of bioactive molecule-charged beads entrapped in a polymeric structure, have been successfully used to realize multi-purpose biochips for DNA, proteins or enzymes. For all these different biochips, the chemiluminescence and electro-chemiluminescence measurements required only a CCD camera and neither light sources nor optical filters are needed. 

The work in this group has focussed mainly in antimony and bismuth because of the thermoelectric properties of the chalcogenides186 and as low temperature single-source precursors to related semiconductor materials.187 The use of bismuth compounds in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders has lead to the study of several thiolate compounds as models to understand the bioactivity. 

Monagas M, Garrido I, Lebron-Aguilar R, Bartolome B and Gomez-Cordobes C. 2007. Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) Skins as a potential source of bioactive polyphenols. J Agric Food Chem 55(21) 8498-8507. 

FIGURE 18-1 Selected bioactive peptides are grouped by structural similarity or by tissue source. 

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