Chemiluminescence electro

Composite sensing layers, consisting of bioactive molecule-charged beads entrapped in a polymeric structure, have been successfully used to realize multi-purpose biochips for DNA, proteins or enzymes. For all these different biochips, the chemiluminescence and electro-chemiluminescence measurements required only a CCD camera and neither light sources nor optical filters are needed. 

The application of the Woodward-Hoffmann theory 22> of electro-cyclic reactions to chemiluminescence has proved a very useful and productive approach, suggested independently by E. H. White and M. J. C. Harding 23>, F. Me Capra, D. G. Richardson, and Y. C. Chang u> 24>, and M. M. Rauhut and coworkers 25>. 

The simplest systems where electron-transfer chemiluminescence occurs on interaction of radical ions are radical-anion and radical-cation recombination reactions in which the radical ions are produced from the same aromatic hydrocarbon (see D, p. 128) by electrolysis this type of chemiluminescence is also called electro-chemiluminescence. The systems consisting of e.g. a radical anion of an aromatic hydrocarbon and some other electron acceptor such as Wurster s red are more complicated. Recent investigations have concentrated mainly on the energetic requirements for light production and on the primary excited species. 

The electrogenerated radical anions of aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. DPA, rubrene, fluorene, can also act as reductants towards electro-chemically obtained radical cations which are derivatives of other aromatic compounds such as N,N-dimethyl-/>-phenylenediamine (Wurster s red) 150> (see Section VIII. B.). When a mixture of DPA and a halide such as 99 (DPACI2) or 100 is electrolysed, a bright chemiluminescence is observed the quantum yields are about two orders of magnitude higher than that of the DPA radical anion-radical cation reaction 153>. 

Ru(bpy)32+ itself can be determined with great sensitivity in an excess of an amine to subpicomolar levels [39], This has led to the development of electro-chemiluminescent labels based on Ru(bpy)32+ derivatives that have found successful applications in ECL immunoassay and DNA probe analysis. These are discussed in Sec. 9. 

When generated electroehemically the emission is termed electro-chemiluminescence (Section 5.9c). 

This is the process studied experimentally in Refs. 191 and 192 through the luminescence coming from the triplet excited state D. The quantum yield of excitations 4>es can be extracted from the electro-chemiluminescence quantum yield 4>ecl if the emission quantum yield from the excited state < )e is known [191] ... 

Bergen A, Wang CY, Nakhai B, Goldman D. Mass allele detection (MAD) of rare 5-HT1A structural variants with allele-specific amplification and electro-chemiluminescent detection. Hum Mutat 1996 7 135-143. 

Chromic properties (- electrochromism, electro-chemically induced chemiluminescence). 

Refs. [i] Bard AJ (ed) (2004) Electrogenerated chemiluminescence, Marcel Dekker, New York [ii] Bard AJ, Faulkner LR (2001) Electrochemical methods. 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, p 736 [iii] Bo-carsly AB, TachikawaH, Faulkner LR (1996) Photonic electrochemistry. In Kissinger PT, Heineman WR (eds) Laboratory techniques in electro-analytical chemistry, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York... 

Blackburn GF, Shah HP, Kenten JH, et al. Electro-chemiluminescence detection for development of immunoassays and DNA probe assays for clinical diagnostics. Clin Chem 1991 37 1534-9. 

Yu H, Raymonda JW, McMahon TM, Campagnari AA. Detection of biological threat agents by immunomagnetic microsphere-based solid phase fluorogenic and electro-chemiluminescence. Biosens Bioelectron 2000 14 829-40. 

S Krais, H Lenz, A Rotter, M Simmeth, N Franken. Electro-chemiluminescent 3rd generation TSH assay using the random-access analyzer ELECSYS. Clin Chem 41 S52, 1995. 

ALLEN J. BARD holds the Norman Hackerman/Welch Chair in Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin, is editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He attended the City College of New York (B.S., summa cum laude, 1955) and completed his graduate work (A.M., 1956 Ph.D., 1958) at Harvard University. In 1958 he joined the faculty of the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests have included investigations in electro-organic chemistry, photoelectrochemistry, electrogenerated chemiluminescence, and electroanalytical chemistry, and he has published about 400 papers and several books and holds six patents in these areas. 

Knight, A.W. (1999) A review of recent trends in analytical applications of electro generated chemiluminescence. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 18, 47 62. 

Fahnrich, K.A., Pravda, M., and Guilhault, G.G. (2001) Recent applications of electro generated chemiluminescence in chemical analysis. Talanta, 54, 531 559. 

Note Key CL = chemiluminescent EC = electro-chemical FID = flame ionization detector GC = gas chromatograph HC = hydrocarbons IR = nondispersive infrared LA = line absorption Para. = paramagnetic RS = Raman spectroscopy. 

Marquette CA, Degiuli A, and Blum LJ (2003) Electro-chemiluminescent biosensors array for the concomitant... 

There are many functional molecules, and their functions, such as electro-chromism, photochromism, photoelectric conversion, chemiluminescence, catalyst, molecular recognition (sensor) etc., are all attributed to a deviation or a change in electronic structure or state of these molecules. For their materializations, conducting polymers are considered to be suitable matrices because their conductive properties and compatibilities to mole-... 

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