Sensing composites

Remote-sensing compositions of planetary surfaces applications of reflectance spectra... 

Manners, Winnik and coworkers have shown that poly(aminothionylphos-phazenes), 25, offer some significant advantages over existing materials for pressure-sensing composite technology (see Fig. 4) and it has even been found that... 

Ogura K. and Shiigi H., A CO2 sensing composite film consisting of base-type poly-anihne and poly (vinyl alcohol), Electrochem. Soli-State Lett., 2, 478-480, 1999. 

Kemp M. Self-sensing composites for smart damage detection using electrical properties. In 2nd Eiuopean conference on smart structures and materials, Glasgow, Scotland 1994. pp. 136—9. 

Wang L, Kister G, Ralph B, Talbot JDR, Fernando GF. Conventional E-glass fibre light guides self-sensing composite based on cladding. Smart Mater Stmct 2004 13(1) 73-81. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1088/0964-1726/13/l/009. 

Table of knots includes only prime knots. Obviously, several knots can be tied on a single rope, in which case one talks of a composite knot (this is very similar to prime and composite numbers). Figure 11.1 shows two ways to combine two trefoils. Importantly, one can easily convince oneself that there is not such thing as an anti-knot or knot annihilation given any knot on the rope, one cannot tie another knot on the same rope such as to make the composite knot an unknot (in this sense composition of knots is like multiplication of integers, there is no analog of division, therefore, no inverse). 

Abot JL, Song Y, Vatsavaya MS, Medikonda S, Kier Z, Jayasinghe C, et al. Delamination detection with carbon nanotube thread in self-sensing composite materials. Compos Sci Technol 2010 70(7) 1113-9. 

Ferroelectric liquid crystals with very fast switching times have been prepared for evenmal use in various sensing and switching devices. Other areas of materials research include the synthesis of spin-labeled polymers for sensing composite interface properties, the structure and function of polymer-stabilized synthetic membranes, and polymers for various sensor applications. 

Gas-sensing electrodes have been developed for a variety of gases, the characteristics for which are listed in Table 11.4. The composition of the inner solution changes with use, and both it and the membrane must be replaced periodically. Gas-sensing electrodes are stored in a solution similar to the internal solution to minimize their exposure to atmospheric gases. 

Potentiometric electrodes also can be designed to respond to molecules by incorporating a reaction producing an ion whose concentration can be determined using a traditional ion-selective electrode. Gas-sensing electrodes, for example, include a gas-permeable membrane that isolates the ion-selective electrode from the solution containing the analyte. Diffusion of a dissolved gas across the membrane alters the composition of the inner solution in a manner that can be followed with an ion-selective electrode. Enzyme electrodes operate in the same way. 

Elemental isotopic compositions (isotope ratios) can be used mass spectrometrically in a routine sense to monitor a substance for the presence of different kinds of elements, as with chlorine or platinum. It can also be used in a precise sense to examine tiny variations in these ratios, from which important deductions can be made in a wide variety of disciplines. 

Crystallinity. Generally, spider dragline and silkworm cocoon silks are considered semicrystalline materials having amorphous flexible chains reinforced by strong stiff crystals (3). The orb web fibers are composite materials (qv) in the sense that they are composed of crystalline regions immersed in less crystalline regions, which have estimates of 30—50% crystallinity (3,16). Eadier studies by x-ray diffraction analysis indicated 62—65% crystallinity in cocoon silk fibroin from the silkworm, 50—63% in wild-type silkworm cocoons, and lesser amounts in spider silk (17). 

Comparison with Eq. (4-20) provides an example of the parallelism that exists between the eqnaOons for a constant-composition sohiOon and those for the corresponding partial properties. This parallelism exists whenever the sohidon properties in the parent equation are related hnearly (in the algebraic sense). Thus, in view of Eqs. (4-17), (4-18), and (4-19) ... 

The Kellogg and DePriester charts and their subsequent extensions and generahzations use the molar average boiling points of the liquid and vapor phases to represent the composition effect. An alternative measure of composition is the convergence pressure of the system, which is defined as that pressure at which the Kvalues for aU the components in an isothermal mixture converge to unity. It is analogous to the critical point for a pure component in the sense that the two... 

Types of Solid Wastes The term solid wastes is aU-inchisive and encompasses all sources, types of classifications, compositions, and properties. As a basis for subsequent discussions, it will be helpful to define the various types of solid wastes that are generated. It is important to note that the definitions of solid-waste terms and the classifications vary greatly in prac tice and in literature. Consequently, the use of published data requires considerable care, judgment, and common sense. The following definitions are intended to serve as a guide. 

---