Sour fluids

There are three important considerations in the selection of an injection zone. They are 1. Containment, 2. Injectivity, and 3. Interactions. A suitable injection zone should also be within a reasonable and economic distance from the compressor location. Large aquifers, depleted reservoirs, and zones that produce sour fluids can be suitable for use as an injection zone. 

For vomiting of sour fluid, add Rhizoma Coptidis Chinensis Huang Lian). This results in Lian Li Tang (Coptis Rectifying Decoction). 

If refined products, such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, or kerosene, are transported in a pipeline, where otherwise sour hydrocarbon fluids are transported, there may be an undesired enrichment of sulfur in the refined products. This can be avoided if the oxygen level of the transportant is maintained at below 20 ppm [570]. The dissolved oxygen level in the hydrocarbon product is controlled by reducing the amount of air injection employed in mercaptan or disulfide reduction or by the use of oxygen scavengers prior to the introduction of the refined hydrocarbon product into the pipeline. 

Zirrahi Z., Azin R., et al. Prediction of water content of sour and acid gases. 2010 Fluid Phase Equilibria324 80-93. 

If patients are on antidepressants or antipsychotics which are considered to slow down the movement of Qi, herbal formulas containing sweet, astringent and sour herbs that stabilize and bind the Qi, fluid and blood, and that suppress the Qi movement should be used with caution. 

Bai Shao Yao is sour and cold, and can nourish the Yin and body fluids. 

Bai Shao Yao is sour, bitter and cold. It primarily enters the Liver meridian. It is able to nourish the Yin and blood of the Liver, and can stabilize the fluid and clear heat. It is a perfect herb to help the chief herb soften the Liver and reduce the fire. 

A small amount of sour and cold herbs should be selected to nourish the Yin and blood and generate the body fluids, as well as reduce the side effects of pungent and hot herbs. 

Suan Zao Ren is sweet, sour and neutral, and enters the Liver, Gall Bladder and Heart meridians. Since sweet and sour may generate the Yin and stabilize the body fluids, it is also able to nourish the Liver blood. It is a perfect herb to calm the mind and improve sleep. It is often selected in the formula to treat anxiety, sweating, restless sleep and dream-disturbed sleep due to Liver-blood deficiency. 

The function and characteristics of Bai Shao Yao have been discussed in the chief herbs. Because it is a sour and cold herb, and is able to generate and stabilize the Yin and body fluids, it is often used as an assistant to relieve muscle cramp. If it is used... 

Han Lian Cao is sweet, sour and cold, and is able to clear the heat, cool the blood, stop bleeding and nourish the Yin fluid. 

The first priority is to select sour, astringent and calcined herbs to directly stabilize the essence, fluids, blood and Qi in order to stop their abnormal discharge and prevent further discharge. 

Most of the herbs that stabilize the essence, body fluids, blood and Qi are sour or astringent. Herbs with a sour taste have a contracting ability and inward-moving tendency herbs with astringent properties are able to prevent or reverse abnormal discharge of essence, body fluids and Qi. When herbs are calcined, they develop an astringent property. This procedure is particularly useful in acute conditions. 

Mu Gua is sour and warm, and enters the Liver and Spleen meridians. It is used as a helping assistant in the formula because its sour taste can stabilize the body fluids and Yin, and its warm nature can dissolve dampness. It is also selected to treat cramping, stiffness, swelling and heaviness of the joints and muscles. 

Avoid foods that may generate dryness Patients who suffer from the syndrome of dryness should avoid spicy food and food that induces heat, such as hot pepper, onion, cinnamon and deep-fried food. Very sour food, such as citrus fruits and vinegar, should not be consumed in excess as they may make the fluid distribution slow or even stop. 

There are three assistants Ji Nei Jin aids digestion in order to strengthen the Spleen Ge Gen moves upwards, can ascend and spread the fluid, and enhance the ability of Huang Qi Wu Wei Zi has a sour taste, can stabilize the Qi and Yin, and enhance the ability of Shan Yao, Zhi Mu and Tian Hua Fen. 

Although the use of inhibitors can mitigate corrosion to some extent in such hostile environments (15) designing systems with appropriate phase behaviour under bottom hole conditions is difficult. To date oil based inhibitor carrier systems have been employed but these require large volumes of fluid circulation and it is often difficult to maintain a continuous oil wet surface on the tubulars. A water-inhibitor system would overcome many of these problems since the sour gas fluid is already saturated with water in the reservoir. Such a system, however, remains to be designed. 

Bitumen feed to the fluid cokers contains approximately 4.9% sulphur. During coking, the sulphur is redistributed into sour gas, sour water, coke and hydrocarbon streams. Figure 3 indicates a circulating coke stream between the coker and coke burner. 

Milk and milk products purchased by the consumer in liquid or semiliquid form generally are classified as fluid milk or cream. Fluid milks include all of the plain milk products, with fat contents varying from those of whole to skim milk, as well as flavored and fermented milks. Creams include products varying in fat content from half and half to heavy whipping cream to fermented sour cream. Products from each category are described briefly, with information on their composition. 

Benefits A sweet and sour herb that is claimed by Chinese herbalists to control the secretion of body fluids, thus moistening dry and irritated tissues, and to act as a tonic for the nervous system and the circulatory system. 

Ci uuc oil—complex, naturally occurring fluid mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, yellow to black in color, and also containing small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur derivatives and other impurities. Crude oil was formed by the action of bacteria, heat, and pressure on ancient plant and animal remains, and is usually found in layers of porous rock such as limestone or sandstone, capped by an impervious layer of shale or clay that traps the oil (see reservoir). Crude oil varies in appearance and hydrocarbon composition depending on the locality where it occurs, some crudes being predominately naphthenic, some paraffinic, and others asphaltic. Crude is refined to yield petroleum products. See distillation, hydrocarbon, sour crude, sweet crude, asphalt, naphthene, paraffin. 

For convenience, the discussion of materials for these various processes is divided into five chapters. Crude units and utilities are discussed in this chapter. FCCs, fluid cokers, delayed cokers, sour water strippers, and sulfur plants are covered in Chapter Two. Desulfurizers, reformers, hydrocrackers, and flue gas are discussed in Chapter Three. Hydrogen plants, methanol plants, ammonia plants, and gas treating are discussed in Chapter Four. Underground piping, pipelines, production equipment, and tankage associated with the refinery industry are covered in Chapter Five. Discussed throughout these chapters are many common environments and equipment (e.g., sour or foul water, distillation, etc.) that appear in the various types of refinery process plants. 

Fluid Coking and Cracking, Delayed Coking, Alkylation, Sulfur Plants, and Sour Water Strippers... 

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