Spedal methods

Meiosis A spedal method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH]... 

The cupferron method is very satisfadory for the separation of iron, titanium, zirconium, vanadium and, in spedal cases, tin, tantalum, uranium, and gallium. 

The natural choioe of a sqMuation technique for both inorganic cations and anions is icm-exdiangB duomatography. The standard detection technique for these analytes is conductivity detection. This requires a low background conductance of the mol phase. Special techniques have been developed under the name of i< i diromatograpby that combine spedal low-capadty ion exchangers with special mobile phases. For many analytical proble cookbook methods have been worked out by the su q>Iiers of ion-chromatography equipment Therdore there is usually little need to develop new methods. 

R. Fortet, On the estimation of an eigenvalue of an additive functional of a stochastic process, with spedal reference to the Kac-Donsker method, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 48,68-75 (1952). 

Reports on safety and protection in nuclear activities are issued in other publications series, in particular the Safety Reports Series. Safety Reports provide practical examples and detailed methods that can be used in support of the safety standards. Other IAEA series of safety related publications are the Provision for the Application of Safety Standards Series, the Radiolo0cal Assessment Reports Series and the International Nuclear Safety Group s INSAG Series. The IAEA also issues reports on radiological acddents and other spedal publications. 

At present, the most common method used in sulfuric acid production is the double-absorption process based on oxidation of sulfur dioxide to siifur trioxide on vanadium pentoxide catalyst. Tliis process will remain the prevalent method of sulfuric add production in the future. New sulfuric acid installafions will be aimed mainly at increasing the output from production units, maximum heat recovery, and operational rellabilify of installation, particularly through precise selection of extra-resistant alloys and spedal noncorrosive materials. Further increases in SO2 to SO3 conversion effi-denqy would do little to improve emissions because the h h efficiency of present processes already achieves very low SO2 emissions. 

Fluorine reacts so rapidly with benzene that aromatic fluorination requires special conditions and spedal types of apparatus. Even then, it is difficult to limit the reaction to monofluorination. Fluorobenzene can be made, however, by an indirect method that we shall see in Section 20.7D. 

Given the complexity of the systems and the diversity of the questions still open in the field of metal clusters, it is no wonder that essentially all the methods available from the ample arsenal of quantum chemistry have been applied to cluster problems. We will not give an extensive overview of the many different methods (let alone aim for completeness) and leave aside most technical aspects. This information can be found in spedalized publications (e. g. [11-15]), from which some are even devoted to the electronic structures of clusters. [16, 17] Instead, we will summarize the basic features of the methods and comment on their applicability to the description of both naked and ligated metal dusters. We will start the discussion with wave function based methods and then proceed to density functional methods. Although the latter have only recently gained a broader acceptance for chemical applications, they have a rich tradition in the metal cluster field, particularly due to their solid state heritage. We will also briefly mention simplified approaches to the electronic structure of metal clusters. 

For sensitive borate detection, a large excess of mannitol is added to a meth-anesulfonic add eluant to increase the borate conductance via complexation. Recently, a spedal concentrator column (Trace Borate Concentrator, TBC-1) was developed for the ultra-trace analysis of borate. The stationary phase of this concentrator is functionalized with a ds-diol, on which borate is selectively retained. Minimum detection limits in the lower ng/L range are obtained when pre-con-centrating large sample volumes, so that this method is suitable for the trace... 

A spedal variant of the method using differences in basicity is the melting of nitrate mixtures of different RE metals. The nitrates of the least basic elements are decomposed, those of the more basic elements are not The least basic have now formed salts that are difficult to dissolve in water. The stable nitrates of the more basic elements remain soluble in water. This method was essentially how Nilson discovered scandium. He tried to verify Marignac s discovery of ytterbium. When the nitrate of ytterbium was melted and afterwards leached with water it became clear that the nitrate had been decomposed and now precipitated as a basic salt of ytterbium. In the filtrate, however, an undecomposed nitrate of another metal remained. This metal was christened scandium. 

In this method the equations desalbing the system are all solved simultaneously using, for instance, the Newton-Raphson technique. Applied to phase boundary conditions, the basic relationships in Equations 2.7, 2.8, and 2.12 take a spedal form. Since y/ is either zero at the bubble point or one at the dew point. Equation 2.7 reduces to the trivial relationship Z = Xj or Z = Yj. Equation 2.8 need not be involved in the simultaneous solution of the system equations. Once the phase boundary conditions are determined, this equation may be solved independently to calculate the heat duty required to bring the feed to its bubble point or dew point. Thus, the only equation to be solved for bubble or dew point calculations is Equations 2.12. 

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