Production generative

Friends of the counterfactual approach often tout its ability to handle omissions and absences as causes and the productive/generative approach s inability to account for them. We are inclined to take the truth of a counterfactual like ... 

This involved selection of a 3.3-mw unit, and to provide backup, two sets were designed. Drilling power loads were not considered because they were being completely divorced from production facilities design. The drilling power sets were 4 x l-mw units with a 300-kw essential supply gener-nor. 

The distillation method (see Alternate Protocol 1) involves recovering malonaldehyde from an acidified food product. It is similar to that of the direct heating approach (see below), except that TBA is reacted only with an aliquot of the distillate. Consequently, physical and chemical interference by extraneous food constituents in the reaction with TBA is minimized because the food is never directly in contact with TBA. Unfortunately, direct heating of a food under acidic conditions enhances the degradation of existing lipid hydroperoxides as malonaldehyde precursors, and generates additional reactive radicals and scission products other than malonaldehyde that can react with TBA (Raharjo and Sofos, 1993). More malonaldehyde or reactive substances will be gener-... 

It is necessary to distinguish between somatic and generative components, and determine the quantitative ratio between them. It is not easy to use this approach when dealing with species of the Black Sea because of the protracted spawning period (Oven, 1976). Having taken that into account, however, we can assess the share of the total production that represents generative synthesis (Shulman and Urdenko, 1989). 

Temperature is therefore a determining factor influencing the timing and character of both somatic and generative production in Black Sea fish. All the species examined form a series, which is related to their temperature preference anchovy - horse-mackerel - red mullet - pickerel - whiting - sprat. In the first species the somatic and generative productions coincide, while in the last there is a large space of time between them. In horse-mackerel, red mullet and pickerel there is a partial overlap. 

Phospholipids are most actively employed in the creation of somatic and generative production. Gonad maturation is accompanied by a sharp increase in the phospholipid concentration of the liver and blood (Shchepkin, 1972), indicating enhanced synthesis and transport into the gonads. The phospholipid concentration is greater in the gonads than in somatic tissues. 

Having tested this method, many workers will still want to asses annual production from positive values only. If such is the case, Table 12 can be used to determine coefficients of conversion for annual production estimates for all components or for positive values only. Estimates are highest for anchovy, somewhat less in red mullet, horse-mackerel, pickerel and sprat, while there is no difference in whiting. This is the ranking of the species studied for differences between somatic and generative production. It has... 

Fish are not unique in the animal kingdom in their multiportion spawning. In organisms as diverse as worms, molluscs, crustaceans, insects and birds the yield of generative production is not merely comparable with somatic, but is sometimes far greater (Shpet, 1971). 

Table 13 Generative production of Black Sea fish as a percentage of total production.

Up to now, different aspects of substance and energy utilization for total production have been examined. It is necessary to look at somatic and generative production, protein retention and accumulation of lipid and, finally, the efficiency of utilization of assimilated food. The total K is the sum of somatic production K and generative production K. ... 

So the ratio of efficiency of food assimilated for somatic and generative production is numerically equal to the ratio between somatic and generative production (Tables 11 and 13). The data show that the efficiency of food assimilated for somatic production per year in populations of different fish makes up 33-76% of the total efficiency, and that for generative production 24-67%. From these figures one can calculate and K for annual estimates. K2 obtained for the... 

Table 19 demonstrates the results of the calculation, using data from Table 11. It can be seen that, depending on the species, from 2% to 24% of the dry food substance is assimilated for the total protein production and 0.7% to 8.0% for the total lipid production. Assuming that protein and lipid are adequately used for the somatic and generative productions, one can make relevant estimates (Table 19). The resulting data of K2 of P of protein and lipid are of especial interest. They indicate the efficient assimilation of nutrients to provide somatic production and accumulation of lipid. The following ratios between food assimilated for protein and lipid production have been obtained for Black Sea fish 2.6 1 in anchovy, 2 1 in sprat, 2.1 1 in horse-mackerel and red mullet, 2.7 1 in pickerel, and 4 1 in whiting.

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