Solution chemistry review

A.I. Rusanov, Micellisation in Surfactant Solutions, Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 22, Part... 

G. Gordon, R. G. Kieffer and D. H. Rosenblatt, Progr. Inorg. Chem. 15, 201-86 (1972). The first half of this review deals with the aqueous solution chemistry of chlorous acid and chlorites. 

Topochemical [24-2] photoreactions of diolehn crystals has been reviewed. The reactions clearly depart from typical solution chemistry crystal-lattice control offers a unique synthetic route into photodegradable polymers, highly strained [24-2] paracyclophanes, stereoregular polymers, and absolute asymmetric synthesis. However, achieving the desired type of crystal... 

V. H. Aprahamian and D. G. Demopoulos, The Solution Chemistry and Solvent Extraction Behaviour of copper, iron, nickel, zinc, lead, tin, Ag, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium in Acid Chloride Solutions Reviewed from the Standpoint of PGM Refining, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Vol. 14, p. 143,1995. 

As in previous volumes,1 2 the solution chemistry of gold cyanides as well as the solid-state chemistry of binary and polynary gold cyanides and carbides have been excluded from this review. 

Chemical solution deposition (CSD) procedures have been widely used for the production of both amorphous and crystalline thin films for more than 20 years.1 Both colloidal (particulate) and polymeric-based processes have been developed. Numerous advances have been demonstrated in understanding solution chemistry, film formation behavior, and for crystalline films, phase transformation mechanisms during thermal processing. Several excellent review articles regarding CSD have been published, and the reader is referred to Refs. 5-12 for additional information on the topic. Recently, modeling of phase transformation behavior for control of thin-film microstructure has also been considered, as manipulation of film orientation and microstructure for various applications has grown in interest.13-15... 

The literature relating to the aqueous solution chemistry of beryllium has been covered to the end of 1998. Previous reviews and relevant compilations of data are listed in Table I. The scope of this review will be to consider all the published data, with a particular emphasis on quantitative aspects, with the aim of facilitating a general discussion. A brief section relating to health and safety issues will be found at the end. 

Halides other than fluoride form very weak complexes in aqueous solution there are no reliable equilibrium constants to be found in the literature. The solution chemistry of aqueous solutions of beryllium chloride, bromide, and iodide have been reviewed previously (9). Some evidence for the formation of thiocyanate complexes was obtained in solvent extraction studies (134). 

Reaction Chemistry of CF2. The reactions of CF2 that have been studied to date fall conveniently into two categories reaction in solution and reaction in the gas phase. Recently, however, there have also been some investigations of the reactions of matrix-isolated CF2. No attempt will be made in this article to recount the large number of investigations into solution-phase dihalocarbene chemistry a brief summary of dihalocarbene solution chemistry will be given in the following section. The interested reader is directed to several reviews of this subject 4 ... 

Shape selectivity and orbital confinement effects are direct results of the physical dimensions of the available space in microscopic vessels and are independent of the chemical composition of nano-vessels. However, the chemical composition in many cases cannot be ignored because in contrast to traditional solution chemistry where reactions occur primarily in a dynamic solvent cage, the majority of reactions in nano-vessels occur in close proximity to a rigid surface of the container (vessel) and can be influenced by the chemical and physical properties of the vessel walls. Consequently, we begin this review with a brief examination of both the shape (structure) and chemical compositions of a unique set of nano-vessels, the zeolites, and then we will move on to examine how the outcome of photochemical reactions can be influenced and controlled in these nanospace environments. 

Inorganic solution chemistry often involves proton transfers to and from solvated metal ions as well as to and from the acids and bases that complex metal ions. Eight generalizations are presented below that attempt to summarize the insights regarding proton transfer reactions that have emerged in the past quarter century. The masterful reviews by Eigen (1) and Bell (2) provide much more extensive analysis of most of these points. 

In a review on the design of ligands for selective complexation of metal ions in aqueous media and a book on the principles underlying stability constants and on the design of metal complexes for various medical applications iron complexes and their solution chemistry take their appropriate place. 

P. Piecuch and K. Kowalski, In search of the relationship between multiple solutions characterizing coupled-cluster theories, in Computational Chemistry Reviews of Current Trends, Vol. 5 (J. Leszczynski, ed.), World Scientific, New York, 2000, p. 1. 

Because of the multivalent nature of the actinide ions, understanding the radiation-induced change of the valence-state of the actinide in solutions under self-irradiation or external irradiation is a challenge in radiation chemistry. Some of the ions are strong a-emitters. It is also important from a practical viewpoint that the solution chemistry of actinide ions is closely related to the storage and the repository of the wastes. Much work combined with experiment and simulation has been conducted and reviews were summarized [136,140-144]. 

Books, reviews and data compilations relating to non-aqueous solution chemistry... 

Much synthetic and descriptive chemistry of heteropolyanions dates from 1860-1920 when the terms isopoly acid and heteropoly add were introduced. Reviews of the early work are available7 and they provide much valuable, if descriptive, information. In the following sections we shall discuss the chemistry of isopolyanions (general formula [MmOJ,]p ) as well as that of heteropolyanions ([XIMmOy] x m). Excluded from consideration here are substances with similar formula that are the result of high temperature solid state or melt reactions and which are polymeric mixed oxides with no defined solution chemistry. 

The starting point for most of the redox chemistry considered in this review is the nickel(II) ion. The nickel(II) ion has a d8 electronic configuration and, with weak-field ligands such as H20, it forms a six-coordinate ion with approximately octahedral symmetry and a paramagnetic (two unpaired electrons) 3A2 ground state. The characteristic solution chemistry of six-coordinate nickel(II) is well documented and, in particular, the substitution behavior has been extensively studied and is the subject of recent reviews (11, 12). It is a labile ion with solvent exchange rates around 104 sec-1 at 25°C and activation parameters are consistent with dissociatively activated interchange behavior (13). 

The solution chemistry of zirconium, both aqueous and solvent-based, is dominated by the tendency to form polymeric species. This has been reviewed in several articles [3], but the basic facts bear repeating here once again. 

Since the 1960s, considerable efforts have been devoted worldwide to develop viable An(III)/Ln(III) separation systems, either by liquid-liquid extraction, precipitation, or ion-exchange chromatography. These systems have been regularly reported in comprehensive reviews covering various issues of actinide and lanthanide separations, such as the basics of actinide solution chemistry in aqueous/... 

Finally, it is understood that the reader is aware of the basic principles of solution chemistry of lanthanides and actinides. Besides all the information published in the previous issues of this Handbook for lanthanides, excellent reviews exist on these topics, either on a general (Katz et al., 1986 Biinzli and Choppin, 1989 Grenthe, 1992 Choppin, 1997 Biinzli, 1998) or an historical perspective (Morss and Fuger, 1992). 

This volume of the Handbook illustrates the rich variety of topics covered by rare earth science. Three chapters are devoted to the description of solid state compounds skutteru-dites (Chapter 211), rare earth-antimony systems (Chapter 212), and rare earth-manganese perovskites (Chapter 214). Two other reviews deal with solid state properties one contribution includes information on existing thermodynamic data of lanthanide trihalides (Chapter 213) while the other one describes optical properties of rare earth compounds under pressure (Chapter 217). Finally, two chapters focus on solution chemistry. The state of the art in unraveling solution structure of lanthanide-containing coordination compounds by paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance is outlined in Chapter 215. The potential of time-resolved, laser-induced emission spectroscopy for the analysis of lanthanide and actinide solutions is presented and critically discussed in Chapter 216. 

---