Solubilization detergent effects

Foam low high Alkali stab Electrolyte stab Acid stab Chlorine stab Surface tension Detergent effect Hydrotropic effect Solubilizing effect Biodegrad- ability... 

Chemical modifications like alkylation with (A-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or oxidation with diamide that inhibit the phosphorylation activity of the enzyme did not seem to have any significant effect on the high affinity binding site when the enzyme was solubilized in the detergent decyl-PEG [69,41]. However, in the intact membrane these treatments reduced the affinity by a factor of 2-3. The reduction of the affinity was exclusively due to modification of the cysteine residue at position 384 in the B domain [69]. Apparently, the detergent effects the interaction between the B and C domains. 

Bile fluid performs two important functions (1) the emulsification, solubilization, and transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins by the detergent effects of bile acids, and (2) the elimination of many waste products, including bilirubin and cholesterol secreted via the bile into the gastrointestinal tract. Bile acids and bile salts are the principal components of the bile fluid, acting as detergents in the digestion of fat in the intestinal tract. 

Photosystem I (PS I) reaction center complex consists of two large subunits which carry antenna chlorophyll P-700 and early electron acceptors and several small subunits, one of which contains the iron-sulfur centers, F and Fg. Because the PS I complexes are usually isolated with detergents, careful evaluation of detergent-effects, such as solubilization of chlorophyll a, or inactivation of P-700, is essential for determination of stoichiometry of subunit polypeptides and functional constituents in the complex. Recently, we have shown that the differential extinction coefficient of P-700 is markedly affected by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) which induces a band-shift of chlorophyll molecules at 690 nm [1]. Herein, we report effects of other detergents on the extinction coefficient of P-700 and provide a simple method to estimate the extinction coefficient in PS I preparations treated with various detergents. Using the extinction values thus determined,... 

LialkylSulfosuccinates. Introduced in 1939 by the American Cyanamid Company under the Aerosol trademark, dialkyl sulfosuccinates have become widely used specialty surfactants (Table 8) (9). Within the limitations in hydrolytic stabiUty imposed by the presence of the ester groups, sulfosuccinates are mild, versatile surfactants used when strong wetting, detergency, rewetting, penetration, and solubilization effectiveness is needed. 

Detergents act as emulsifiers, breaking the oil into tiny droplets, each suspended in water. The disruption of the oil film allows the dirt particles to become solubilized (they peptize). Soap, the sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acids, is a good detergent, although it often forms insoluble compounds with certain salts found in hard water, thus diminishing its effectiveness. 

Since oleic acid is relatively polar, it may become emulsified by the surfactant monomer. The removal of oleic acid comes mainly from two contributions monomer emulsification and micellar solubilization. Although the Vgjj has been decreased with increasing EO number in dodecanol ethoxylates, in higher EO numbers than 5, this factor has been compensated by the Increase of monomer with increasing EO number (CMC decreases with EO number). The levelling of detergency of dodecanol ethoxylates from EO number 5 to EO number 8 has been interpreted by these reasons. The monomer emulsification of oleic acid has been clearly shown in this paper in SDS solution. The nonionic surfactants we used here have low EO numbers and show mainly the effect of solubilization. 

Special mention has to be made of the use of surfactants. Aryl halides are insoluble in water but can be solubilized in the aqueous phase with the aid of detergents. A thorough study [24,25] established that the two-phase reaction of 4-iodoanisole with phenylboronic acid (toluene/ethanol/water 1/1/1 v/v/v), catalyzed by [PdCl2 Ph2P(CH2)4S03K 2], was substantially accelerated by various amphiphiles. Under comparable conditions the use of CTAB led to a 99 % yield of 4-methoxybiphenyl, while 92 % and 88 % yields were observed with SDS and n-Bu4NBr, respectively (for the amphiphiles see Scheme 3.11). Similar effects were observed with Pd-complexes of other water-soluble phosphines (TPPTS and TPPMS), too. 

---