Solubility methods of estimating

Yalkowsky, S. H. Baneijee, S., Aqueous Solubility Methods of Estimation for Organic Compounds, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992. 

Aqueous Solubility, Methods of Estimation for Organic Compounds,... 

Yalkowsky, S.H. and Banerjee, S. 1992. Aqueous solubility Methods of estimation for organic compounds. Marcel Dekker Inc., NY. 

Yalkowsky, S.H., Banerjee, S. (1992) Aqueous Solubility. Methods of Estimation for Organic Compounds. Marcel Dekker, New York. Yao, C.C.D., Haag, W.R. (1991) Rate constants for direct reactions of ozone with several drinking water contaminants. Water Res. 25, 761-773. 

It is poorly soluble in acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and DMF, and insoluble in alcohols, petroleum ether, and diethyl ether. The partition coefficients of a number of solutes between PCL and water have been measured and correlated with octanol-water partition coefficients (Fig. 9) (58,59). The linear correlation (Eq. 2) when combined with the water solubility of the solutes serves as a method of estimating the solubility of drugs in PCL from first principles. ... 

Measurements of gas chromatographic retention time are often used as a fast and easy method of estimating vapor pressure. These estimated pressures are related to the gas/substrate partition coefficient, which can be regarded as a ratio of solubility of the substance in the gas to that in the substrate, both solubilities being of the substance in the liquid state. As a result the estimated vapor pressures are of the liquid state. To obtain the solid vapor pressure requires multiplication by the fugacity ratio. It is important to establish if the estimated and reported property is of the vapor or liquid. 

When acid DNase activity is assayed by the acid-solubility method the optimal DNA concentration is 0.4 mg/ml (9) and higher substrate concentrations appear to be inhibitory (16, 21, 34)- It has been shown, however, that this inhibition is because increasing substrate concentration decreases the efficiency of acid-soluble oligonucleotide release since the number of breaks per unit length of DNA is lower. If a direct method of estimating enzymic activity is used, such as the determination of phosphatase-sensitive phosphate, it can be shown that the inhibition by high substrate seen by the acid solubility method is only apparent (34)-... 

Lipinski et al. (1997) published a review article on computational and experimental methods of estimating aqueous solubility, serving as a useful reference of available methods. The article discusses poor solubility as a potential limiting factor to overall drug absorption across the gut wall. 

For practical purposes the permeability is the most important of the permeation properties. Since methods of estimation of solubility and diffusivity are available, estimation of permeability is possible by means of Eq. (18.4). 

For both direct and indirect methods of estimating the sulfonate content of lignin in pulp, the sulfonate content of the lignin is obtained by dividing the sulfonate content of the pulp by the sum of its Klason and acid-soluble lignin contents (Loras and Loschbrandt 1961). 

Methods of Estimating Solubilities. Estimating the solubility of a given mineral in seawater appears to us to be a difficult task. A number of investigations have used varying approaches for a limited number of minerals (10, 11, 12, 13, 26). Problems arise when... 

The reduction of the mononitrotoluenes to toluidins by the use of iron and hydrochloric acid forms the basis for a method of estimation of the para isomer in crude nitrotoluene. (3) A weighed amount of the mixed toluidins is dissolved in ether, and then ethereal oxalic acid is added. The toluidins all form compounds with oxalic acid, and all but the para compound are soluble in ether. The solution is then filtered, the residue washed with ether, then dissolved in water and titrated with N/10 sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as the indicator. 

An accurate, but inconvenient method of estimating body fat uses a blood test. Here, a water-soluble compound that is detectable and measurable in solution is injected into the person. Because the substance is water soluble, it does not mix well with fat, nor highly fatty tissues such as adipose tissue. After allowing some time for the substance to distribute throughout the body, blood samples are taken. The concentration of the substance... 

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