Solubility groups table

Salter (l8 divides the alcohols into three main groups on the basis of their oil/water solubility. Isopropyl alcohol is of the water soluble group, isobutyl alcohol is of the intermediate group, and 2-hexanol is of the oil soluble group. Table IV gives some results for alcohols of each class. No strong effect was seen. We have previously reported (15,) on the ability of alcohols to reduce the viscosity of sodium oleate gels. 

Table XI,5,1 shows this grouping of organic compounds, together with the commoner classes of compounds that fall into the respective solubility groups.

An outline of the solubility classification procedure is given in Table X 1,5,2, whilst the characteristic features of each of the solubility groups are summarised in Table XI,5,3. 

Step 3. The neutral components. The ethereal solution (E remaining after the acid extraction of Step 2 should contain only the neutral compounds of Solubility Groups V, VI and VII (see Table XI,5). Dry it with a little anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and distil off the ether. If a residue is obtained, neutral compounds are present in the mixture. Test a portion of this with respect to its solubility in concentrated sulphuric acid if it dissolves in the acid, pour the solution slowly and cautiously into ice water and note whether any compound is recovered. Examine the main residue for homogeneity and if it is a mixture devise procedures, based for example upon differences in volatility, solubility in inert solvents, reaction with hydrolytic and other reagents, to separate the components. 

Natural Ethoxylated Fats, Oils, and Waxes. Castor oil (qv) is a triglyceride high in ticinoleic esters. Ethoxylation in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to a polyoxyethylene content of 60—70 wt % yields water-soluble surfactants (Table 20). Because alkaline catalysts also effect transestenfication, ethoxylated castor oil surfactants are complex mixtures with components resulting from transesterrfication and subsequent ethoxylation at the available hydroxyl groups. The ethoxylates are pale amber Hquids of specific gravity just above 1.0 at room temperature. They are hydrophilic emulsifiers, dispersants, lubricants, and solubilizers used as textile additives and finishing agents, as well as in paper (qv) and leather (qv) manufacture. 

A number of the water-soluble polymers also have adhesive properties which are being extensively evaluated for drug delivery (9). These polymers will adhere to the mucous coating in the gastrointestinal tract, the nose, and the mouth to delay passage and sustain drug release. Those polymers with the best adhesive properties are those with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Table II lists some of the bioadhesive polymers and their adhesive properties. 

For example, consider a solution that contains three halide ions Cl , Br , and l. Since these halides all come from the same group on the periodic table, they share many properties. When they are the anions in slightly soluble ionic compounds, however, they have different solubilities. (See Table 9.4.) Therefore, chemists can use fractional precipitation to separate them from solution. 

Monoalkanolamine Condensates. Coco, lauric, oleic, and stearic monoethanolamides and monoisopropanolamides are the principal surfactants in the monoalkanolamide group (Table 24). Monoalkanolamides are generally water-insoluble solids that are easily solubilized by hydrophilic surfactants. Except for solubility and viscosity, properties and uses are similar to the diethanolamides. Manufacturing processes and yields have been described (96). 

Knowledge of the chemical properties of the common amino acids is central to an understanding of biochemistry. The topic can be simplified by grouping the amino acids into five main classes based on the properties of their R groups (Table 3-1), in particular, their polarity, or tendency to interact with water at biological pH (near pH 7.0). The polarity of the R groups varies widely, from nonpolar and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) to highly polar and hydrophilic (water-soluble). 

TABLE XI,5,1. DIVISION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INTO SOLUBILITY GROUPS... 

Table I. Examples of Polysaccharides in Different Solubility Groups ...

Vitamins are divided into water-soluble and lipid-soluble groups. In addition to vitamins, vitaminlike nutrients are required in small amounts by the organism and frequently function in similar capacities to vitamins. These vitaminlike compounds are not classified as vitamins because rats and humans have a limited capacity to synthesize them, provided that the diet contains the essential precursors. Table 10.1 lists both vitamins and vitaminlike nutrients. 

The ethereal solution (E2) remaining after the acid extracton of Step 2 should contain only the neutral compounds of solubility groups 5, 6 and 7 (see Table 9.1). Dry it with a little magnesium sulphate, and distil off the ether. If a residue is obtained, neutral compounds are present in the mixture. Test a portion of this... 

Silyl groups, which tend to increase lipid solubility, may be used as a substitute for alkyl branching in space-filling groups. Direct substitution of a silicon atom for a carbon atom increases the hydrophobic character of a compound, even without the addition of more alkyl groups. Table III lists the relative partition coefficients of two pairs of carbon and silicon compounds in octanol-water, a system used to approximate the lipid-water system within an organism. As may be seen from the table, the silicon compounds are two to five times more soluble in the octanol phase this effect falls off with an increasing number of carbon atoms in the parent structure (36). 

The cyclopentadienyl reactions have been illustrated for early as well as late transition metals and also the actinides. It is remarkable that the reactions are very similar across the entire group. This methodology results often in sandwich-type complexes of the Et units and has been found successful for both phosphorus and arsenic, but only one example has been reported for antimony. There are no reports of bismuth metal reacting with cyclopentadienyl metal fragments. Neither Sb nor Bi readily form the soluble E4 species as do P and As, and so their reactivities may be limited by solubility factors (Table XLI). 

Table 6.1 lists the water-soluble vitamins with their structures and coenzyme forms. Certain portions of the coenzymes are especially important in their biological activities, and they are indicated by arrows. For example, in case of coenzyme A, a thiol ester is formed between its -SH residue and the acyl group being transferred. And in the case of pyridoxal phosphate, its carbonyl residue forms a Schiff base with the amino group of the amino acid that is being decarboxylated. Fat-soluble vitamins (Table 6.2) are also transformed into biologically active substances. However, with the possible exception of vitamin K, these do not operate as prosthetic groups or cosubstrates in specific enzyme reactions. 

The most important applications of LiAlHi are in organic synthesis. It reacts with more than 60 organic functional groups (Table 3). Reactions are usually performed in ether, in which LiAlH4 is highly soluble (22wt%). For... 

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