Solids, viii

Dekorsy, T, Cho, G. C. and Kurz, H. (2000) Light Scattering in Solids VIII (eds M. Cardona and G. Giintherodt), Springer, Berlin, Germany, Chapter 4. 

T. Dekorsy, G.C. Cho, H. Kurz, in Coherent Phonons in Condensed Media ed. by M.Cardona, G. Giintherodt. Light Scattering in Solids VIII (Springer, Berlin, 2000), p. 169... 

The black solid (VIII) is converted into the green fulvalene titanocene (V) at 110°C, and also reacts with H2, N, and alkenes 42), as do the active metastable forms of titanocene (30). With hydrogen, (VIII) yields a green-gray precipitate, formulated as [(CsHsMCsH TU] H2, from toluene solution. The infrared spectrum and deuteration studies show this solid to contain a Ti-H bond, probably with the hydrogen in a bridging position, as either... 

Mene ndez J, Page JB (2000) In Cardona M, Guntherodt G (eds) Light scattering in solids VIII. Springer, Berlin... 

Fuoss, R. M., and J. G. Kirkwood Electrical Properties of Solids. VIII. 

SKI/JOH] Skinner, G. B., Johnston, H. L., Low temperature heat capacities of inorganic solids. VIII. Heat capacity of zirconium from 14 to 300°K, J. Chem. Phys., 73, (1951), 4549-4550. Cited on pages 86, 87, 246. 

Excision of a molecular fragment from an extended solid (VIII)... 

R. M. Fuoss and J. G. Kirkwood [1941] Electrical Properties of Solids. VIII. Dipole Moments in Polyvinyl Chloride-Diphenyl Systems, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 385-394. 

Fuoss, R.M. and Kirkwood, J.G. (1941) Electrical properties of solids. VIII. Dipole moments in polyvinyl chloride-diphenyl system. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 63, 385-394. 

Uytterhoeven, J., L. G. Christner, and W. K. Hall, 1965. The hydrogen held by solids. VIII. The decationated zeolites. J. Phys. Chem. 69 2117. 

The interface between a solid and its vapor (or an inert gas) is discussed in this chapter from an essentially phenomenological point of view. We are interested in surface energies and free energies and in how they may be measured or estimated theoretically. The study of solid surfaces at the molecular level, through the methods of spectroscopy and diffraction, is taken up in Chapter VIII. 

Two nucleation processes important to many people (including some surface scientists ) occur in the formation of gallstones in human bile and kidney stones in urine. Cholesterol crystallization in bile causes the formation of gallstones. Cryotransmission microscopy (Chapter VIII) studies of human bile reveal vesicles, micelles, and potential early crystallites indicating that the cholesterol crystallization in bile is not cooperative and the true nucleation time may be much shorter than that found by standard clinical analysis by light microscopy [75]. Kidney stones often form from crystals of calcium oxalates in urine. Inhibitors can prevent nucleation and influence the solid phase and intercrystallite interactions [76, 77]. Citrate, for example, is an important physiological inhibitor to the formation of calcium renal stones. Electrokinetic studies (see Section V-6) have shown the effect of various inhibitors on the surface potential and colloidal stability of micrometer-sized dispersions of calcium oxalate crystals formed in synthetic urine [78, 79]. 

The importance of the solid-liquid interface in a host of applications has led to extensive study over the past 50 years. Certainly, the study of the solid-liquid interface is no easier than that of the solid-gas interface, and all the complexities noted in Section VIM are present. The surface structural and spectroscopic techniques presented in Chapter VIII are not generally applicable to liquids (note, however. Ref. 1). There is, perforce, some retreat to phenomenology, empirical rules, and semiempirical models. The central importance of the Young equation is evident even in its modification to treat surface heterogeneity or roughness. ... 

We have considered briefly the important macroscopic description of a solid adsorbent, namely, its speciflc surface area, its possible fractal nature, and if porous, its pore size distribution. In addition, it is important to know as much as possible about the microscopic structure of the surface, and contemporary surface spectroscopic and diffraction techniques, discussed in Chapter VIII, provide a good deal of such information (see also Refs. 55 and 56 for short general reviews, and the monograph by Somoijai [57]). Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFT) are now widely used to obtain the structure of surfaces and of adsorbed layers on a molecular scale (see Chapter VIII, Section XVIII-2B, and Ref. 58). On a less informative and more statistical basis are site energy distributions (Section XVII-14) there is also the somewhat laige-scale type of structure due to surface imperfections and dislocations (Section VII-4D and Fig. XVIII-14). 

In the flask were placed 0.40 mol of dry, powdered copper(I) cyanide, 9 g of anhydrous lithium bromide (note 1), 50 ml of dry THF and 0.30 mol of l-bromo-2--heptyne (prepared from the corresponding alcohol and PBrs in diethyl ether, see VIII-2, Exp. 10). The mixture was heated until an exothermic reaction started, which occurred at about 80°C. The solid dissolved gradually. The mixture was kept... 

The catalysts used are themselves complexes produced by interaction of alkyls of metals in Groups l-IIl of the Periodic Table with halides and other derivatives of Groups IV-VIII metals. Although soluble co-ordination catalysts are known, those used for the manufacture of stereoregular polymers are usually solid or adsorbed on solid particles. 

No simple osmium aqua ion has been definitely isolated and characterized, though in alkaline solution (and the solid state) the osmium(VIII) species 0s04(0H)2 is well characterized (sections 1.4.1 and 1.12.1). 

VIII. Brief Summaries of Recent Literature on Solid Propellants... 

Bowden, E.P. and Tabor, D., The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, Chapter VIII, pp. 163-169, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950. 

Most important for many applications of S-layer lattices in molecular nanotechnology, biotechnology, and biomimetics was the observation that S-layer proteins are capable of reassembling into large coherent monolayers on solid supports (e.g., silicon wafers, polymers, metals) at the air/water interface and on Langmuir lipid films (Fig. 6) (see Sections V and VIII). 

In the first step, lipid model membranes have been generated (Fig. 15) on the air/liquid interface, on a glass micropipette (see Section VIII.A.1), and on an aperture that separates two cells filled with subphase (see Section VIII.A.2). Further, amphiphilic lipid molecules have been self-assembled in an aqueous medium surrounding unilamellar vesicles (see Section VIII.A.3). Subsequently, the S-layer protein of B. coagulans E38/vl, B. stearother-mophilus PV72/p2, or B. sphaericus CCM 2177 have been injected into the aqueous subphase (Fig. 15). As on solid supports, crystal growth of S-layer lattices on planar or vesicular lipid films is initiated simultaneously at many randomly distributed nucleation... 

VIII. REAL POTENTIALS OF IONS IN SOLID ELECTROLYTES... 

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