Solids/sludges

A. E. Cassel and B. P. Johnson, Evaluation of Devices for Producing High Solids Sludge Cake, NTIS Report No. PB80-111503, National Technical Information Service, Washington, D.C., 1980. 

Tlocciilant addition rate can be regulated in proportion to the thickener oliirnetric feed rate or solids mass How in a feed-fonvard mode, or in a feed-back mode on either rake torque, iindertlow density, settling solids (sludge) bed le el, or solids settling rate. Of these, feed-fonvard on mass How or feed-back on bed le el are probably the most common. In some feed-fonvard schemes, the ratio multiplier is trimmed by one of the other parameters. 

Hazardous Wastes When hazardous wastes are generated, special containers are usually provided, and trained personnel (OSHA 1910.120 required such workers to have HAZWOPER training) are responsible (or should be) for the handling of these wastes. Hazardous wastes include solids, sludges, and hquids hence, container requirements vary with the form of waste. 

Mass-fired incinerators, with and without heat recovery, for unprocessed wastes rotary kilns for hazardous/containerized and bulk solid/sludge waste... 

Processes for SS separation may fill three distinct functions in wastewater treatment, namely, pretreatment to protect subsequent processes and reduce their loadings to required levels, treatment to reduce effluent concentrations to required standards, and separation of solids to produce concentrated recycle streams required to maintain other processes. In the first two functions effluent quality is the prime consideration, but where the third function must be fulfilled along with one of the others, design attention must be given to conditions for both the separated solids (sludge) and the process effluent. 

Incineration processes are available to destroy organics in liquids, solids/sludges, soils and gases. 

Once the decision is made to incinerate the material, the type of incinerator which is selected is largely dependent on the matrix in which the waste is located. Table 10 indicates the application of various thermal processes for liquids, solids/sludges, soil and gases. 

Table 10. Incineration Type for Various Waste Matrices Liquids Solid/Sludges Soil Gases ...

The thermal processes applicable to detoxify organics in a solid/sludge matrix include the following incinerators ... 

Applicability/Limitations The system is capable of treating solids, sludges, slurries and liquids. The high degree of turbulence and mixing ensures treatment of a wide variety of wastes. The waste... 

Applicability Limitation This technology is used primarily to treat solids, sludges and contaminated soils, but liquid or gaseous injection systems are available. 

During filtration the suspended solids are trapped between the grains of filter media. Because there must always be space remaining for the water to percolate, there is a limit to the total volume of solid sludge that can be tolerated before backwashing is required. Designers typically set this limit at 25% of the total void volume and, irrespective of the media grain size, the void volume is approximately 45% of the total media volume. 

In contrast with the variety of methods of extraction of LAS from other solid samples (such as sediment, suspended solid, sludge) and water samples (see corresponding section), there are relatively few reports of attempts to extract LAS from biological samples [22-28]. Direct HPLC measurement of accumulation of LAS in rat liver lysosomes has been reported [29]. 

Solid Sludge Slurry Liquid Fume Containerized... 

The CFX MiniFix technology can treat solids, sludges, and most liquids. The treatment is applicable to a variety of heavy metals such as aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, hexavalent chromium, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, and zinc. The technology also treats organic compounds with high molecular weights. 

The HAZCON solidification process is an ex situ technology for the immobilization of metals and inorganic hazardous wastes in wet or dry soil and sludges. The technology is a cement-based process in which the contaminated material is mixed with pozzolanic materials such as Portland cement, a patented additive called Chloranan, and water. The process is capable of treating solids, sludges, semisolids, or liquids. The mixture hardens into a cohesive mass that immobilizes heavy metals. 

The system is presently limited to the treatment of vapor-phase waste streams. The process is not suitable for the disposal of solids, sludges, or liquids that cannot be readily vaporized. Tests have shown that the present design is not capable of destroying perfluorocarbon (PEC) compounds as efficiently as it destroys halogenated solvents. 

Several additional favorable properties of CBPCs make them an even better candidate for stabilization. The waste form is a dense matrix, generally with very good mechanical properties. Also it is nonleachable, does not degrade over time, is neutral in pH, converts even flammable waste into nonflammable waste forms, performs well within acceptable levels in radiolysis tests, and can incorporate a range of inorganic waste streams (solids, sludge, liquids, and salts). 

After this, the solutions were separed from the solid sludge by filtration on 0.45/im cellulose acetate disc. 

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