Solid-state polymerization background

Before discussing the detailed chemistry, kinetics, and mechanisms of the various pathways of polymer synthesis, it is necessary to introduce some of the fundamental concepts of polymer science in order to provide essential background to such a development. We need to know what a polymer is and how it is named and classified. It is also necessary to obtain an appreciation of the molecular size and shape of polymer molecules, the molar mass characteristics, the important transition temperatures of polymers, and their distinctive behavior both in solid state and in solution. These concerns are addressed in the first four chapters of the book while the remaining six chapters deal with the important categories of polymerization processes and their mechanisms and kinetic aspects. Throughout this journey the narrative in the text is illuminated with thoughtfully worked out examples which not only complement but also supplement, where necessary, the theoretical development in the text. 

To understand the history of microlithography and its importance, and to motivate the various advances relative to polymeric materials used in resists, a brief background and introduction to semiconductor microelectronics and the role of miaolithography in that industry are helpful. Although the invention of the first semicondudor transistor by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947 was an immensely important milestone, as recognized in part by a Nobel Prize awarded to them in 1956, it was really the invention of the first monolithic IC by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1960 that ushered in what people enjoy today as the era of modem miaoelecttonics. The integrated devices developed by Kilby and Noyce consisted of many solid-state... 

For the calculations, different EoS have been used the lattice fluid (LF) model developed by Sanchez and Lacombet , as well as two recently developed equations of state - the statistical-associating-fluid theory (SAFT)f l and the perturbed-hard-spheres-chain (PHSC) theoryt ° . Such models have been considered due to their solid physical background and to their ability to represent the equilibrium properties of pure substances and fluid mixfures. As will be shown, fhey are also able to describe, if not to predict completely, the solubility isotherms of gases and vapors in polymeric phases, by using their original equilibrium version for rubbery mixtures, and their respective extensions to non-equilibrium phases (NELF, NE-SAFT, NE-PHSC) for glassy polymers. 

The chapter outUne is as follows. The first section provides a general overview of related orthopedic applications as well as the state of materials currently utilized in clinical settings related to these applications. This background information is followed by common approaches and methods for modil g the surface solid-phase materials in the orthopedic field. Next, an overview of the materials including the types of polymers and solid fillers used within polymeric biocomposites for orthopedic applications is given, as well as fabrication methods. Afterward, the effects of surface... 

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