Partial solid solubility

Add 0.025 g of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone to a dry test tube. Add 1 mL of methyl alcohol to the tube and shake for 60 seconds. Is the solid soluble, partially soluble, or insoluble Explain your answer. 

The sequence just outlined provides a salutary lesson in the nature of explanation in materials science. At first the process was a pure mystery. Then the relationship to the shape of the solid-solubility curve was uncovered that was a partial explanation. Next it was found that the microstructural process that leads to age-hardening involves a succession of intermediate phases, none of them in equilibrium (a very common situation in materials science as we now know). An understanding of how these intermediate phases interact with dislocations was a further stage in explanation. Then came an nnderstanding of the shape of the GP zones (planar in some alloys, globniar in others). Next, the kinetics of the hardening needed to be... 

Partial mutual solubility in the solid state. Fig. 2.9 shows different examples of binary systems for which there is still a complete miscibility in the liquid state, but only a limited mutual solubility in the solid state, depending on the temperature. The Ni-Au system, for instance, still has complete mutual solid solubility but only at high temperature, that is, by decreasing the temperature, de-mixing... 

The Ba-Ca diagram has a different appearance because Ca (in its high-temperature form) and Ba are completely mutually soluble, while only a partial solid solubility is observed for Ba in the low-temperature modification of Ca. 

Compare your answers. Would you predict that Cu and Ni have complete, partial, or no solid solubility in each other ... 

Figure 1 is a plot of boron concentration versus ps that illustrates Henry s law. When the solid solubility of boron in silicon is reached, Henry s law no longer applies. Thus, most predeposition steps are operated at a sufficiently high partial pressure in the dopant gas phase to achieve solid solubility of the dopant in the silicon. This requirement provides a natural control for reproducible diffusion results. 

In many cases, atom size, crystal structure or other factors restrict the ease with which solute atoms can be dissolved in the solvent in the solid state. Thus it is much more common to find that solids are partly soluble in one another rather than be either completely soluble or completely insoluble. The following is an example of a phase diagram for a binary system which shows partial solid solubility ... 

Record on the Report Sheet whether the solid dissolved completely (soluble), partially (slightly soluble), or not at all (insoluble). 

In many cases, there is partial solid solubility between the pure components of a binary system, as in the Pb-Sn phase diagram of Figure 11.5, for example. The solubility limits of one component in the other are given by solvus lines. Note that the solid solubility limits are not reciprocal. Lead will dissolve up to 18.3 percent Sn, but Sn will dissolve only up to 2.2 percent Pb. In Figure 11.5, there are two two-phase fields. Each is bounded by a distinct solvus and liquidus line, and the common sofidus line. One two-phase field consists of a mixmre of eutectic crystals and crystals containing Sn solute dissolved in Pb solvent. The other two-phase field consists of a mixture of eutectic crystals and crystals containing Pb solute dissolved in Sn solvent. 

The boron modifications are semiconductors. /3-rh. boron is a high-temperature semiconductor with a band gap of 1.5eV. The transition elements and some p elements (C, Si) form solid solutions in /3-rh. boron. In this manner, the electrical characteristics are changed (doping). The maximum solid solubility varies with solute and can be as high as 4 to 5 atomic percent. The well-known difficulties to prepare ultra-pure jS-rh. boron is partially due to the solid solutions that most of the elements form with boron. 

The structure of the solid solutions is very complex. Investigations have shown that partial (and only partial) occupancies of up to five interstitial atomic positions occur. These atomic positions are situated between the icosahedra of the stmcture. In a few cases a substitutional mechanism for the solid solubility has been demonstrated, similar to the silicon... 

Properties Green plastic solid. Soluble in water, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons partially soluble in alcohols and glycols soluble in Softening p 64C. 

Fig. 12-2 Phase diagrams showing (a) partial solid solubility, and (b) partial solid solubility together with the formation of an intermediate phase.

Mukhopadhyay M, Dalvi SV. Solid solubility prediction from partial molar volume fraction of solvent in antisolvent-solvent mixture. Proceedings of Super Green-2002, 1st International S5mposium on Supercritical Fluid Technology for Energy and Environmental Applications, Suwon, Korea, Nov. 3-6, 2002. 

Information about physicochemical and complexation properties of polyvinylsulfonic acid (PVSH) or, more correctly, polyethylenesulfonic acid (PESH) [11] is much less available than that of the polyamines. PVSH (or PESH) is a simple, strong polyacid (see Fig. 6.6), so that partial ionization and possible hydrolysis effects, encountered with weak polyacids and their salts (e.g., polyacryfic acid and its salts), do not complicate the picture [76]. Commercially available sodium salt, PVSNa, is a brittle hygroscopic solid, soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents (methanol, dioxane, etc.) [77]. Viscosity behavior of the alkali metal salts was studied by several groups [28, 52, 75-77], but data are too scattered to be trustworthy. The PVS polyanion shows a definite selectivity in ion binding with alkali Li, Cs metals in the presence of Na, K hah des [78]. 

Fig. 12. Partial phase diagrams for the dilute region of aqueous solutions of the disodium salts of sulfated monohydroxy bile salts glycolithocholate sulfate (GLCS at pH 10.0) and taurolithocholate sulfate (TLCS at pH 7.0, inset). The solid solubility curves and the interrupted CMC curves demarcate areas where crystals (and monomers), micelles (and monomers), and monomers alone are found. The critical micellar temperature (CMT) represents an equilibrium between micelles and hydrated crystals connected via the monomer concentration at the CMC. The Krafft point is a triple point and only represents the CMT at the CMC. (After ref. 6 with permission.)...

Partial solid solubility without the formation of an intermediate phase... 

Partial solid solubility with the formation of intermediate phases... 

Eutectic Diagrams with Partial Solid Solubility and No Intermediate Compounds... 

Figure 8.6 MgO-CaO phase diagram, which exhibits partial solid solubility of the end members for each other and a single eutectic.

Phase diagrams are the roadmaps from which the number of phases, their compositions, and their fractions can determined as a function of temperature. In general, binary-phase diagrams can be characterized as exhibiting complete or partial solid solubility between the end members. In case of the latter, they will contain one or both of the following reactions depending on the species present. The first is the eutectic reaction is which a liquid becomes saturated with respect to the end members such that at the eutectic temperature two solids precipitate out of the liquid simultaneously. The second reaction is known as the peritectic reaction in which a solid dissociates into a liquid and a second solid of a different composition at the peritectic temperature. The eutectic and peritectic transformations also have their solid state analogues, which are called eutectoid and peritectoid reactions, respectively. 

Among the first ones to present a complete theoretical approach are Burton, Prim, and Slitcher (1953). The authors developed a mathematical formulation of the problem for metallic systems with partial solid solubility crystallized from the melt in a suspension process. Their theory is based on a boundary layer model and does not account for the mutual dependence of heat and mass transfer but regards the influence of heat transfer as negligible. 

This means different types of SLE have to be distinguished. The type of SLE mainly depends on the mutual solubility of the components in the solid phase. There are systems with no, partial and total miscibility in the solid phase. The formation of solid solutions mainly depends on how well the lattice structure of compound 2 fits to the lattice structure of compound 1. Thus, complete solid solubility only occurs when the species have the same crystal stmcture and size. 

---