Solid-phase extractions elemental analysis

When combined with solid-phase extraction, flow injection in flame AAS also enables on-line trace matrix separations to be performed. Here the matrix can be complexed and the complexes kept on the solid phase while trace elements pass on towards the atomizer. For the case of the trace analysis of Zr(>2, after dissolution it was thus possible to keep up to 4 pg of Zr as a TTA (thenoyltrifluoroacetone) complex on the column, while impurities such as Fe were eluted and determined with a high efficiency [133]. This opens up a new line of research on the use of on-line trace-matrix separations for any type of complex samples. 

In the analysis of high-purity substances, general matrix removal is often very important so as to pre-concentrate the elements to be determined. To this aim all separation techniques such as ion exchange, liquid-liquid extraction of a metal complex with organic solvents, fractionated crystallization, precipitation and coprecipitation as well as electrochemical methods may be used (for a systematic treatment, see Ref. [300]). These principles can also be applied in on-line systems, as is now possible with solid phase extraction. Here matrix elements or the analytes can be adsorbed as complexes onto the column and eluted for direct determination by AAS. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Cosmetics and Toiletries. Derivatization of Analytes. Electrophoresis Is-otachophoresls. Environmental Analysis. Enzymes Overview. Extraction Supercritical Fluid Extraction Solid-Phase Extraction Solid-Phase Microextraction. Ion Exchange Ion Chromatography Applications. Liquid Chromatography Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Applicable Elements Carbon-13 Phosphorus-31. Perfumes. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Interferences and Background Correction. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation Interferences and Background Correction Flame Photometry Inductively Coupled Plasma Microwave-Induced Plasma. Atomic Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma Laser Microprobe. Countercurrent Chromatography Solvent Extraction with a Helical Column. Derivatization of Analytes. Elemental Speciation Overview Practicalities and Instrumentation. Extraction Solvent Extraction Principles Solvent Extraction Multistage Countercurrent Distribution Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction Pressurized Fluid Extraction Solid-Phase Extraction Solid-Phase Microextraction. Gas Chromatography Ovenriew. Isotope Dilution Analysis. Liquid Chromatography Ovenriew. 

CWC-related chemicals in aqueous liquid samples (water samples) are usually recovered by extraction with an organic solvent. Modem methods such as SPE and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) have also been presented 04 24). Organic extractions and these modem methods mainly recover nonpolar CWC-related chemicals, but leave behind the water-soluble and nonvolatile chemicals. These must also be recovered, however, because the agents tend to decompose (hydrolyze) rapidly under conditions in the environment. In the past few years, techniques such as CE and LC, relying on element specific or mass spectrometric detection, have been intensively developed to provide easy and effective ways of recovering these chemicals from water samples with only minor sample preparation (2S 44,1. For GC/MS analysis, the water must be displaced and the analytes derivatized. 

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