Soils herbicide residues

Dinitroaniline herbicides have low soil mobility potential. Herbicide residues in the treated field are usually incorporated into the upper layers of the soil mainly as unextractable bound residue therefore, the movement of dinitroaniline herbicides from soil to the water compartment is minimal. Run-off is the principal route, which could lead to the contamination of surface waters. Residue methods were developed to measure the parent concentration in water samples. 

Diphenyl ethers in the soil are absorbed by roots with limited translocation generally to the foliage. Low levels of herbicide residues can be expected when the compound is used in accordance with good agricultural practice. The parent diphenyl ether compound is defined as the residue of analytical and regulatory concern. 

Smith and Fitzpatrick [252] have also described a thin layer method for the detection in water and soil of herbicide residues, including Atrazine, Barban, Diuron, Linuron, Monuron, Simazine, Trifluralin, Bromoxynil, Dalapon, Dicamba, MCPB, Mecoprop, Dicloram, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, Dichloroprop, 2,4,5-T, and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid. 

Potassium, iron, phosphorus, and other elements in soil formaldehyde residue in insulation, cellophane, and other materials pesticide and herbicide residue in plants. 

Cullimore, D.R. Interaction between herbicides and soil microorganisms. Residue Rev., 35 65-80, 1971. 

Lange, A. H., Fischer, B., Humphrey, W., Seyman, W., andBaghott, K. Herbicide residues in California agricultural soils, Calif. Agric, 22 2-4, 1968. 

Yaron B, Gerstl Z (1983) Herbicide residues in soils following point source application. Pesticide chemistry, human welfare and the environment. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 207-212 Yaron B, Bielorai H, Kliger L (1974) Fate of insecticides in an irrigated field—azinphosmethyl and tetradifon cases. J Environ Qual 3 413 17... 

In 1979 and 1983 (9,10). The data Indicated that although penetration of herbicide and TCDD had occurred throughout the soil profiles sampled (8 cm Increments down to 32 cm), the bulk of the chemicals remained near the surface. Data from the microbial analyses of soil samples collected from the Herbicide Storage Areas confirmed that proliferation of certain microflora occurred under high levels of herbicide residue. 

JA Guth, G Voss. Automated colorimetric procedure for the determination of total and unchanged urea herbicide residues in soil. Weed Res 11 111-119, 1971. 

Yip [405] reported that the binding of the soil particles and organic matter with the herbicide residues prevented the complete extraction of them with an organic solvent. Upchurch and Mason [406] found that the extent of adsorption of herbicides is highly dependent on the type of organic matter and clay as well as on the amounts of their constituents. 

Chlorinated [407,408] and 2,4-dinitrophenoxy acid herbicides [409] have been determined. liquid chromatography particle beam mass spectrometry has been used as an analytical finish [408]. Crescenzi et al. [410] evaluated the feasibility of selectively and rapidly extracting herbicide residues in soils by hot water and collecting analytes with a Carbograph 4 solid-phase extraction cartridge set on-line with the extraction cell. Phenoxy acid herbicides and those non-acidic and acidic herbicides that are often used in combination with phenoxy acids were selected for this study. Five soil samples were... 

Kloskowski, R., and Ftihr, F. (1987). Aged and bound herbicide residues in soil and their bioavailability. J. Environ. Sci. Health B22, 623-642. 

Wicks, G.A., C.R. Fenster, and O.C. Burnside (1969). Herbicide residue in soil when applied to sorghum in a winter wheat-sorghum-fallow rotation. Agron. J., 61 721-724. 

Qiao, X., R. During., and H. Hummell (1991). Triazine herbicide residues in soil by gradient HPLC-UV analysis Quantitative and simultaneous trace determination of seven pollutants at the ppb level. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijkuniversiteit. Gent, 56(3a) 949-959. 

Hayes, M.H.B. (1970). Adsorption of triazine herbicides on soil organic matter, including a short review on soil organic matter chemistry. In F.A. Gunther and J.D. Gunther, eds., The Triazine Herbicides. Residue Rev., 32. New York, NY Springer-Verlag, pp. 131-174. 

Trifluralin has been marketed since 1961. It is a selective soil herbicide that acts by entering the seedlings in the hypocotyl region and disrupting cell division. It adsorbs in the soil and so is resistant to leaching, having a long residual activity. Trifluoralin is much more stable under aerobic than anaerobic... 

When herbicides are used in crop rotations, the grower is concerned about the effects of potential herbicide residues on subsequent crops. However, a key question associated with enhanced biodegradation is the potential impact of one herbicide on the subsequent performance of a different herbicide, especially if they are structurally similar. If soil... 

Methazole is a selective herbicide which can be used both as a residual soil herbicide and as a contact foliage-acting herbicide for the control of certain grasses and many broad-leaved weeds. 

Chlorsulfuron is a residual soil herbicide. Its half-life in the soil is 1-2 months. 

The feasibility of extracting selectively and rapidly herbicide residues, including some phenylureas, in soil by water heated at 90°C and collecting analytes with a Carbograph 4 SPE cartridge set online with the extraction cell (Figure 25.8) was evaluated.Recovery of neutral and acidic herbicides ranged between 81 and 93%, except for two acidic herbicides (63%). For the analytes considered, comparison of methods showed hot water extraction was overall more efficient than Soxhlet and sonication extraction techniques. Rapid trace analysis of polar and... 

Jimenez, J. J., Bernal, J. L., Del Nozal, M. J., and Martin, M. T., Use of a particle beam interface combined with mass spectrometry/negative chemical ionization to determine polar herbicide residues in soil by liquid chromatography, J. AOAC Int., 83, 756-761, 2000. 

The atrazine, molinate, and bentazone behavior in soils when submitted to an electric field is presented as a case study. The applicability of the electrokinetic process in these herbicides soil remediation is evaluated. Four polluted soils were used, respectively with and without herbicides residues, with the last ones being spiked. Eleven electrokinetic experiments were carried out at a laboratory scale. Determination of the herbicide residues were performed by different methods by ELISA for atrazine, by GC-FID for molinate, and by HPLC-UV for molinate and bentazone residues. GC hyphenated with mass spectrometry was used to confirm and identify molinate on the samples. 

Determination of the Herbicide Residue Trifluralin in Soil from Lawn Treatment by Gas Chromatography Using Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Methods... 

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