Soil, spodosol

Fig. 8-4 Typical soil horizon sequence for a Spodosol developed under a coniferous forest (left) and a Mollisol developed under grasses and herbaceous plants.

Fig. 8-5 Soil and soil forming processes - a global view. The moisture and temperature regimes are generalized and intended only to show major pedoclimatic environments. Spodosols, for example, can also occur in a cryic regime and even in equatorial regions. Other orders could also occur in more than one moisture and temperature environment. (overleaf)...

Soil Order Entisols Gelisols Inceptisols Spodosols Inceptisols Alfisols... 

Plate 3 shows a map of dominant soil orders for the entire world. Although this map necessarily lacks detail due to its scale, the relationship between soils and the biosphere is evident. Different terrestrial ecosystems are correlated with climatic conditions and different soils are correlated with both. For example, Mollisols are common in areas where there are prairies or steppes a result of grasses as the dominant vegetation and low, seasonal rainfall. Spodosols occur where coniferous forests dominate and the climate is cold and wet. Comparing Fig. 8-5 and Plate 3 carefully will show how strong this correlation is for the entire Earth. 

T. R. Fox and N. B. Comerford, Rhizosphere phosphatase activity and phosphatase hydrolyzable organic phosphorus in two forested Spodosols. Soil Biol. Bioehem. 24 579 (1992). 

Figure 2.5. An example of a Spodosol the Kalkaska soil series, the state soil of Michigan (single-grain structure in horizon C means that all the sand particles act independently of each other) [2].

However, groupings of soils can be and are made for all soils on this planet, and all soil types can be found on all continents except Antartica. Ultisols, Mollisols, Alfisols, and Spodosols, and other soil types occur in North and South America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Thus, researchers and analysts all over the world need to know about soils, soil types, and their nomenclature. 

The pH and clay content of these soils are extremely important in understanding their chemistry. The lack of salts, low pH, and dominance of low activity clays will greatly affect the retention and extraction of components from both Ultisols and Spodosols. 

Courchesne F, Turmel MC, Beauchemin P. Magnesium and potassium release by weathering Spodosols grain surface coating effects. J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1996 60 1188-1196. 

Soil In both soils and water, chemical and biological mediated reactions can transform thiram to compounds containing the mercaptan group (Alexander, 1981). Decomposes in soils to carbon disulfide and dimethylamine (Sisler and Cox, 1954 Kaars Sijpesteijn et al., 1977). When a spodosol (pH 3.8) pretreated with thiram was incubated for 24 d at 30 °C and relative humidity of 60 to 90%, dimethylamine formed as the major product. Minor degradative products included nitrite ions (nitration reduction) and dimethylnitrosamine (Ayanaba et al., 1973). 

Soils found primarily in cool and humid forested regions, Spodosols have subsurface accumulations of amorphous materials, mainly iron and aluminum oxides. These soils are usually strongly leached, blit can be used for crop support with addition of lime and fertilizer,... 

Soil orders Alf, alfisol And, andisol Cam, cambisol Gley, gleysol Hist, histosol Inc, inceptisol Moll, mollisol Ox, oxisol Spod, spodosol Ult, ultisol. 

Dahlgren, R. A., and D. J. Marrett. 1991. Organic carbon sorption in arctic and subalpine spodosol B horizons. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55 1382—1390. 

Vance, G. F., and M. B. David. 1992. Dissolved organic carbon and sulfate sorption by spodosol mineral horizons. Soil Science 154 136-144. 

Dahlgren RA, Ugolini FC. 1989. Aluminum fractionation of soil solutions from unperturbed and tephra-treated spodosols, Cascade range, Washington, USA. Soil Sci Soc Am J 53 559-566. 

Bibak, A., Moberg, J.R and Borggaard, O.K. (1994) Distribution of cobalt copper manganese and molybdenum in Danish spodosols and u t soh. Acta Agric. Scand., Section B - Soil Plant Sci., 44, 208-213. 

Spodosol Gr. spodos, wood ash Humid forest soils. Mostly under conifers, with a diagnostic iron- or organic-enriched B horizon and commonly also an ash-gray leached A horizon... 

Other modeling efforts include soil acidification models of the macroscopic type that account for the process of S04 sorption in different ways. These approaches, which assume equilibrium conditions to prevail, include the adsorption isotherm, solubility product, and anion exchange. Prenzel (1994) discussed the various limitations of the above approaches in their capability to account for changes in pH. Recently, Fumoto and Sverdrup (2000) used a constant capacitance approach to describe the pH dependency of S04 sorption isotherms in an andisol. Other modeling efforts of S04 isotherms were reported by Gustafsson (1995) in a spodosol. Such isotherm models are of the equilibrium type and include linear and Temkin types of models. 

Soil samples were collected from the Gardsjon catchment, located at 58° 04 N and 12° 03 E on the west coast of Sweden. The area is covered by coniferous forest with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), which dominate the landscape. The area is glacial till, silt loam soil that is fairly thin. The soil is classified as a spodosol haplorthod, common in Sweden (Nilsson, 1988). A detailed description of the geology, soils, and vegetation of the Gardsjon catchment is given by Olsson et al. (1985). 

In the study of soil science, most attention has historically been paid to the aluminosilicate clays, which dominate the properties of temperate soils, the first to be scientifically studied. More recently, the importance of the amorphous aluminosilicates has been shown in young soils, in soils derived from volcanic ash and in leached, acidic soil (e.g. podzols or spodosols). The hydrous oxides are especially important components of old, highly weathered soils, such as those found in the tropics (e.g. oxisols). This is an important distinction as the charge on the aluminosilicate clays is predominantly a permanent negative charge, while the amorphous aluminosilicates and hydrous oxides have a variable,... 

Parmelee, R. W., Ehrenfeld, J. G. Tate, R. L. HI. (1993). Effects of pine roots on microorganisms, fauna, and nitrogen availability in two soil horizons of a coniferous forest spodosol. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 15, 113-19. 

Spodosols are one of the 12 soil orders in the USDA Soil Taxonomy. The soil orders, and their key properties, are listed in Table 4. The distribution of the soil orders in the world is illustrated in Figure 14. With respect to Spodosols, which are common to the NE USA, Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia, the key... 

Spodosols Soils of northern temperate forests characterized by intense (but commonly shallow) biogeochemical downward transport of humic compounds, Fe, and Al commonly Holocene aged... 

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