SOHIO study

Using the previously discussed assumptions it can be estimated that another 220 SCF/bbl (1.66 kmol/m3) of hydrogen would be consumed in achieving complete heteroatom removal. Thus, the results of the SOHIO study coupled with the above "model compound" estimation process, indicates a hydrogen consumption of about 1,820 SCF/bbl (13.70 kmol/m3) for complete heteroatom removal (neglecting the hydrogen uptake for non-hetero aromatic... 

What both the Chevron study and the SOHIO study indicate is that complete heteroatom removal from whole shale oil will require between 1,800 and 2,000 SCF of hydrogen per barrel of feedstock (13.55 kmol/m3 to 15.06 kmol/m3). What model compound analysis indicates is that hydrotreating of raw shale oil is rather selective, in that only about one-third of the hydrogen consumed is for olefin saturation, saturation of non-hetero aromatics, and hydrocracking. 

The best and most effective time to provide for reliability is in the initial design. The importance of initial design is illustrated by a study" undertaken by Sohio at their Toledo refinery. Their first listed major finding from the study was as follows ... 

Electrochemical capacitors have been studied for many years. The first patents date back to 1957, where a capacitor based on high surface area carbon was described by Becker. Later in 1969 first attempts to market such devices were undertaken by Standard Oil Company of Ohio (SOHIO). However, only in the 1990s did electrochemical capacitors become famous in the context of hybrid electric vehicles. The electrochemical capacitor (EC) was supposed to boost the battery or the fuel cell in the hybrid electric vehicle to provide the necessaiy power for acceleration, and additionally allow for recuperation of brake energy (Viswanathan, 2006). 

In this context is might also be worth mentioning that the importance of the bismuthoxo component in the SOHIO catalysts also provided the impetus for more general studies concerning the synthesis of molecular bismuthoxo compounds (clusters), their structures and their behaviour in dependence of the cluster size [57-61]. 

Mehta (34) has carried out a reactor network optimization study to find improved designs for the production of acrylonitrile in a collaboration between UMIST and one of its industrial partners. Most industrial installations employ fluidized-bed reactors (BP/Sohio process) with a well-mixed reaction zone. Previous process improvements have mainly resulted from better catalysts, which have produced an increase in yield from 58% to around 80%. The reaction model employed in the optimization study is taken from Ref. 81 and considers seven reactions and eight components. Air, pure oxygen, and propylene are available as raw material streams. The optimization study assumes negligible pressure drop along the reaction sections, isothermal and isobaric operation, and negligible mass gas-solid transfer effects. 

The allylic oxidation of propene typifies the so-called bimetallic heterogeneous catalysis [4], a terminus technicus to emphasize cooperative effects in catalytic conversions (for multicomponent homogeneous catalysis, see Section 3.1.5). Nevertheless, the SOHIO-type oxidation is included in this book because one can imagine a number of mechanistic implications on a molecular platform, too. Studies on organometallic model compounds and reactions are available in ref. [2]. 

The study of selective oxidation catalysis at Sohio (2) began in 1952 with the concept that the lattice oxygen of a reducible metal oxide could serve as a more versatile and useful oxidizing agent for hydrocarbons than would molecular oxygen, which would serve to replenish catalyst oxygen vacancies. This overall oxidation-reduction cycle (Scheme 2) is necessary for selective catalytic oxidation to occur. 

The U.S. Navy has been involved for some time in the development of Navy fuels from alternative sources (shale oil, tar sands and coal). As a part of this effort, the Naval Research Laboratory and the Naval Air Propulsion Center have been studying the characteristics of these fuels (.1, 2). NKL and NAPC are currently participating in a program to characterize the products from the Shale-II refining process conducted by the Standard Oil Company of Ohio (SOHIO) at their refinery in Toledo, Ohio. This paper is concerned with a part of this program and is a surrmary of the work on the physical and related properties of three military type fuels derived from shale JP-5 and JP-8 jet turbine fuels, and diesel fuel marine (DEM) (3, 5). Another paper of this symposium (6) will discuss the chemical characterization of the fuels. 

Acknowledgments. These studies were supported by PHS Grants CA35983 and GM32647. Some of the studies were performed in facilities supported by the Sohio Foundation. A travel grant to C.S.S. from the Wellcome Trust, England, is acknowledged. 

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