Sociology

Graphs are used in mathematics to describe a variety of problems and situations [.37. The methods of graph theoi y analyze graphs and the problems modeled by them, The transfer of models and abstractions from other sciences (computer science, chemistry, physics, economics, sociology, etc.) to graph theory makes it possible to process them mathematically because of the easily understandable basics of graph theory. 

In discussing science we also need to define its scope, as well as the methods and views (concepts) involved in its pursuit. It is also useful to think about what science is not, although this can sometimes become controversial. Significant and important studies such as those concerned with the fields of sociology, politics, or economics increasingly use methods that previously were associated only with the physical and biological sciences or mathematics. However, I believe these... 

H. Wold, ia H. M. Blalock, ed.. Quantitative Sociolog Academic Press, New York, 1975. 

Human factors A term sometimes used synonymously with ergonomics, it may also refer to psychological and sociological aspects of ergonomic issues. 

There are two concerns about the effects of shift rotation and night work disruption of "circadian rhythms" and sociological costs, that is, effects on the worker s family life. 

Studies by Smith et al. (1982), Folkard et al. (1979), and Colquhoim et al. (1969), have investigated the disruption of circadian rhythms caused by having to be awake and work at imusual hours and by having to sleep during daytime. With respect to the sociological effects, studies by Kasl (1974) and Kahn (1974) concluded that fixed afternoon and night shifts lead to lower levels of social satisfaction because it becomes difficult to participate in family activities. 

In 1830, Auguste Comte, a French philosopher who is generally recognized as the founder of sociology and positivism, wrote the following 1... 

Is to determine the sex of the fetus the other Is to determine whether the fetus has a chromosome abnormality Fetal sex determination Is not, at present, performed so that couples can chose the sex of their baby While there may not be any significant ethical or sociological (43) reasons to oppose sex determination for this reason, the lack of sufficient facilities has made this an Indication of extremely low priority The reason for ascertaining the sex of a fetus. In so far as the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease Is concerned. Is to determine Aether the fetus Is a male or female In situations In which the parents are at risk of having a child with an X-llnked disorder which affects only males If the fetus Is a male. It will have a 50% risk of being affected This risk. In such... 

Caldwell, J. The metabolism of amphetamines and related stimulants in animals and man. In Caldwell, I, ed. Amphetamines and Related Stimulants Chemical, Biological, Clinical, and Sociological Aspects. 

Agbayani-Siewert, P., Takeuchi D. Pangan, R. (1999). Mental illness in a multicultural context. In C. Aneshensel and J. Phelann, eds., Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. New York Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 19-36. 

Restivo, S.P. Joseph Needham and the comaprive sociology of Chinese and modern science. Res Sociol Knowledge 2 (1979) 25-51. 

Wallis, R., ed. On the margins of science the social construction of rejected knowledge. Sociological Review Monographs, no. 27. Keele Keele Univ P, 1979. 

Valerie J. Gunter and Craig K. Harris. Noisy Winter the DDT Controversy in the Years before Silent Spring. Rural Sociology. 63, no. 2 (1998) 179-198. Source for New York Times coverage of DDT. 

Dorothy Nelkin Following up on your last point on social policy, from the material that I read in sociology and social policy, what I worry about most is the naturalistic fallacy the move from is to ought . Yet after the last session, I was told that this is no longer a problem, that nobody worries about this anymore. So is this just simply a problem of my philosophical naivety, or does evolutionary psychology encourage the naturalistic fallacy ... 

Nelkin, D. and Michaels, M. (1998), Biological categories and border controls the revival of eugenics in anti-immigration rhetoric , International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 18, 33-59-... 

Dorothy Nelkin Well, first of all as a social scientist I feel that humour is serious. It is also a pedagogical device to get people to listen at the end of a long meeting. Studies of the sociology and psychology of humour suggests that it s serious, as social commentary and an indication of public attitudes. 

Raynolds, L.T. (2002). Poverty Alleviation through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks Existing Research and Critical Issues, Background paper prepared for project funded by the Community Resource Development Program, The Ford Foundation, New York. http //www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup. 

Matters are complicated further when we try to expand inter(trans)disciplinary work beyond natural sciences, including social sciences such as sociology, history, philosophy etc. This inevitably springs the trap of statistical debates and the factuali-zation of the research work of all the included disciplines. This is of course a dead end and will never ever lead to solutions with a broad consensus, which will also become politically important. 

Time hung heavy on the defense s hands. They could not deny the terrible acceleration of events and the re-creation of that last month seemed interminable. Yet they had to speak. They chose to break up the matter into a confusion of sociological flashbacks that might give it a more leisurely perspective. 

Much recent work in the sociology and anthropology of science has examined boundary issues in science. See Appendix A for the insight such work provides into the subject of this book. 

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