Social Welfare Systems

The presumption that family is the best place for children is part of the same, often untested, belief that kin relations are beneficial and that kin networks are stable and willingly supportive (Cramer and McDonald 1996). These expectations do not just operate on the social plane they are embedded deep in the framework of social welfare systems everywhere too (Kelley 1993). However, the addition of one or, often, more children to the household can have a major impact on its functioning. Family strain, conflict and instability can all be part of the equation where another family member assumes the care of children (Caliandro and Hughes 1998 Cramer and McDonald 1996). It might cause problems of overcrowding and resentment as already resident children are forced to live in cramped... 

Streeck W (2001) High Equality, Low Activity The Contribution of the Social Welfare System to the Stability of the German Collective Bargaining Regime. Review Symposium on Harry C. Katz and Owen Darbishire, Converging Divergences Worldwide Changes in Employment Systems. Industrial and Labour Relations Review 54 (3) 698-706... 

Before accepting Heskett et al. s model as a basis to build upon, some other considerations are required. We have seen a number of important considerations take on increasing importance in the business environment. Healthcare is a business this is more obvious in some countries than it is in others—those without a social welfare system that includes a measure of state provided health services—and within which an important partner/ supplier is the health insurance provider. Both sectors are cognizant of the impact of their role on the socioeconomic fabric of the environment within which they operate. Accordingly we should modify Heskett et al. s model [17] to include this increasingly important consideration see the following socially responsible value equation ... 

In researching my topic, I became increasingly aware of how little interest government agencies, pohticians, and even child advocacy groups in the United States, and to some extent also in Europe, have shown in examining the successes and failures of ancient and medieval societies in their efforts to assist the poor and needy in general and to provide care for orphans and abandoned children in particular. Can this lack of historical perspective help to explain the unsatisfactory results of the current foster-care system for children, and perhaps the failure of other social welfare systems of the capitahst West ... 

It is well known that crop management systems, the quality of the soil and the weathering conditions are just some of the factors used in order to assess production of GHG. Therefore, an understanding of the future environmental impacts of crop production is essential in order to achieve greater crop yields without decreasing the quality of the environment and social welfare. Additionally, Tilman [2] reported that the recent intensification of agriculture, coupled with the prospect of even further intensification in the future, will have major detrimental impacts on the world s ecosystems. 

Activation does not necessarily imply benefit cuts or the introduction of new active labour market policy schemes, but crucial is the fact that benefit receipt is made more conditional upon job search activities, acceptance of available job offers or participation in active labour market policy schemes both in formal terms and actual implementation. First movers in the field of activation were the Anglo-Saxon welfare systems of the United States and the UK, followed by Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany. More recently, France and Sweden have been catching up. It thus seems fair to say that activation has now become a common orientation in labour market and social policies that not only spreads across countries but also covers more and more benefit schemes. 

The national social security system can be regarded as this objective s translation into the legal reality of the welfare state. Chapter 2, section 17 constitutes the freedom of association ... 

It is well-known that economic stability helps to hold a marriage and a family together. As Charles L. Schottland puts it, the possession of money by the American family means more than the ability to purchase goods and services. Money symbolizes security—economic, social and emotional security. What is less well-known is that welfare programs designed to subsidize income often have an adverse effect on family structure, particularly in the black community. My contention is that the reform of the current welfare system will help to stabilize the black family. 

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