Social practices

A second inadequacy of the individualistic approach is that it can underestimate the influence which social practices have upon individual choice. As individuals, wc pursue goals based on our interests and desires. But a complete ethical analysis should include an examination of the source of those interests and desires. 

The Sherlock Holmes stories often are read as the triumph of the scientific method of deduction. There is, though, another, darker interpretation to be advanced. That is the frustration of science and technology in changing everyday social practice. Throughout the canon, Holmes is consistently thwarted by the standard operating procedures of the Scotland Yard "regulars." He also is annoyed—and even disturbed—by the inability of Victorian... 

Social practice, changing, 262-263 Software tools, proprietary, 122 Sparteine, 141... 

The latter half of this equation will ultimately shift for Newman the Jews history comes to seem neither alien nor dirty, as his own victimization as a Jew forces the realization that racial Jewishness is not the stable essence he had always supposed, but a highly unstable categorical convention based upon certain social practices and ways of seeing. By the novel s end Newman the sometime anti-Semite could perhaps say of the Jews, after Theodore H erzl, We are one people—our enemies have made... 

Sociologists of science tend not to distinguish between science and technology because they focus on how science, like technology, is a social practice. Scientific knowledge is made by this practice. There are indeed important symmetries... 

Although both of the previous perspectives may include certain innovative elements, neither of them focuses on the creation and development of knowledge. Therefore, Hakkarainen et al. (2004) introduce the perspective of knowledge creation. Its aim is both to create new knowledge and to develop corresponding social practices. In this process, the existing knowledge is essentially enriched or shaped (as summarised in Table 17.2). 

Chaiklin, S., Hedegaard, M. and Jensen, U.J. (eds) 1999. Activity Theory and Social Practice. 

Communities ofpractice presents a theory of learning that starts with the assumption that engaging in social practice, or a common goal is the fundamental process by which we learn, as well as become partnered and cooperative. This is essentially how teams are built. 

In developing his later views on the social practice of science, Polanyi explicitly drew upon his earlier career experiences in the 1920s and 1930s. Two series of investigations at the boundaries of chemistry and physics were prominent among his examples of scientific practice and the distribution of merit within the scientific community. I turn now to these two cases the potential theory of adsorption on solid surfaces and X-ray studies of the solid state. 

Dewey, J. (1900) Psychology and social practice Psychological Review VII, March, 105-124. 

These ancient images suggest the evolution of early European mushroom cults - a cultural practice that most likely vanished during the early Iron Age, as did many other customs and social practices from that era. Still, the discovery of ancient Northern European mushroom cults is a powerful piece of evidence supporting the notion that psychoactive mushroom usage has been continuous throughout history. 

Their work with suppliers and customers to influence their environmental and/ or social practices and performance ... 

Voluntary Aspects. People voluntarily accept some risks, such as driving a car, and have others imposed upon them, such as water pollution. The line between voluntary and involuntary risks is often hard to define and is frequently determined by availabilty of resources and social practices, e.g., if one has a filter, one could drink only filtered water. In general, the American public, probably reflecting our individualistic biases, is more tolerant of voluntary risks (8). Americans do not readily accept their government to be the arbiter of personal risk, demonstrated by the brouhaha that developed over governmental attempts to mandate use of seat belts and motorcycle helmets (9). (For a good discussion of the broader concept of risk and consent, see 10). Much more acceptable appears to be government efforts to protect the public from imposed risks. 

C.C. Gould and R.S. Cohen (eds.) Artifacts, Representations, and Social Practice. Essays for... 

K. Gavroglu, J. Stachel and M.W. Wartofsky (eds.) Science, Politics and Social Practice. 

Turner, G. 1999, Film as Social Practice, 3rd ed., Routledge, London New York. 

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