Social-ecology approach

Douglas, V.I. (1980) Treatment and training approaches to hyperactivity establishing internal or external control. In Whalen, C. and Henker, B., eds. Hyperactive children The Social Ecology of Identification and Treatment. New York Academic Press pp. 283-318. 

The programme vision implies an approach of better environmental management throngh knowledge . Underlying it is the principle that catchments are social-ecological systems and that in all cases we need to nnderstand economic and social aspects as well as environmental ones. The approach incorporates three types of work ... 

McEvoy, A.F. (1997) Working environments an ecological approach to industrial health and safety. In R. Cooter and B. Luckin (eds). Accidents in History Injuries, Fatalities and Social Relations, pp. 59-89. Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam. 

Clauss-Ehlers, C. S., Lopez Levi, L. (in press). Violence and community, terms in conflict An ecological approach to resilience. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless. 

Experiences of this type are the basis of the DPSIR ( driving forces - pressure -state - impact - response ) approach (Fig. 1), which has been introduced in environmental policy as a link between ecological problems and economic and social responses [43]. 

The training and visit method of extension that accompanied the green revolution is, as such, not a bad system of extension, partly because there is room to include social and cultural issues. But whenever this system uses only a technical approach, promoting green revolution farming without considering the ecological, social and cultural context of rural families, the developmental effect is very limited. Or even worse, it makes farmers dependent on the fertiliser... 

The above example is typical. Modern process design consists of the optimal combination of technical, economic, ecological and social aspects in highly integrated processes. The conceptual approach implies the availability of effective cost-optimization design methods aided by powerful computer-simulation tools. 

The approach consists of developing alternatives rather than a unique flowsheet. The selected solution is the best cost-effective means only for the assumed constraints of technological, ecological, economical and social nature. 

Basic characterisation, i.e. sediment as ecological, social and economic value, as an essential part of the aquatic ecosystem through forming a variety of habitats and environments. A system approach is needed, comprising biotests and effect-integrating measurements due to the inefficiency of chemical analysis in the assessment of complex contamination. 

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