Soap-water system ternary

Soap making, 22 723 as industry, 22 723, 724 raw materials in, 22 732-736 ternary soap-water systems and, 22 727 Soap micelles... 

Soluble electrolytes, ternary soap-water systems and, 22 727 Soluble glass, 22 452 Soluble hydrophilic dyes, 9 190 Soluble microbial products (SMP) in biological wastewater treatment, 25 896. 897... 

Ternary soap-water-salt system, phase behavior of, 22 727-728 Ternary thorium oxides, 24 762 Teme steel, 14 778 Terodiline, 5 122... 

If the alcohol in the ternary soap system is replaced by a fatty acid, yet another type is obtained. Here, as in the previous main type, there are the five mesophases B, C, D, E, and F and the two regions, Lh and L2, with homogeneous solutions. In this case, however, no water is needed to make soap and fatty acid mutually soluble. This is illustrated in Figure 28, which shows the phase equilibrium in the sodium caprylate-caprylic acid-water system. Here L2 extends to the caprylate-caprylic acid axis, and in the other direction far into the water comer. This is obviously caused by the ability of the soap and fatty acid to form molecular compounds with one another—the familiar acid soaps, which can also exist in the solid crystalline form. 

As in the example of the detergent formulation used to obtain the foam profiles shown in Figure 8.4, early attempts to develop praetieal washing powder formulations suitable for foam-intolerant, front-loading drum-type laundry washing machines utilized the antifoam effect of calcium soaps in mixed anionic and ethoxylated alcohol surfactant systems. The approach appears to have been entirely empirical. The foam behavior of ternary mixtures of anionie surfaetants, sueh as sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates, various ethoxylated alcohols, and soaps, was optimized for low foamabil-ity in relevant machines by systematie trial. Obviously, polyvalent metal ion (especially calcium) activity as determined by temperature, water hardness, and builder type and concentration represented an additional variable. Wash temperature and pH... 

Amphiphiles, the representatives of which are soap, surfactant and lipid, have a hydrophilic polar head and lipophilic nonpolar tails. They always remain on the interface between water and oil and form monolayers of surfactants in a water/oil/amphiphile ternary system. This monolayers or interfacial film reduce the surface tension between water and oil domains. In a three-component system the surfactant film exists in various topologically different structures such as micelles, vesicles, bicontinuous microemulsions, hexagonal arrays of cylinders or lamellar structures depending upon the pressure, temperature and the concentration of the components [1,2]. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, isotropic and transparent mixtures of ternary amphiphilic systems. When almost equal volume fractions of water and oil are mixed with a dilute concentration of surfactants, they take... 

Diffusivities of binary, ternary and multi-component liquid crystalline mixtures, e.g. of soap (potassium laurate (PL), water [25, 58], and lipid (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcho-line (DPPC) [25, 59] systems in lamellar, hexagonal, cubic, nematic and micellar mesophases [25,60,61] have been studied extensively by pulsed-field-gradient NMR [25] and optical techniques [62], partly because of their intimate relation to the structure and dynamical performance of biological membranes [18]. The main distinction from thermotropic phases is that for layered structures a noticeable diffusion occurs only within the layers (i.e. lateral, frequently written as Dl, but in our notation DjJ, whereas it is negligibly small and difficult to detect across the layers [60-62] (transverse migration, for bilayers denoted by flip-flop ) so the mobility is essentially two dimensional, and the anisotropy ratio is so great that it is seldom specified explicit-... 

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