Smelt fish

Minamoto T, Shimizu I 2002 A novel isoform of vertebrate ancient opsin in a smelt fish, Plemglossus altivelis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290 280—286 Miyashita Y, Moriya T, Yamada K et al 2001 The photoreceptor molecules in Xenopus tadpole tail fin, in which melanophores exist. Zoolog Sci 18 671—674 Moriya T, Miyashita Y, Arai J, Kusunoki S, Abe M, Asami K 1996 Light-sensitive response in melanophores of Xenopus laevis I. Spectral characteristics of melanophore response in isolated tail fin of Xenopus tadpole. J Exp Zool 276 11-18 Moutsaki P, Bellingham J, Soni BG, David-Gray ZK, Foster RG 2000 Sequence, genomic structure, and tissue expression of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) vertebrate ancient (VA) opsin. FEES Lett 473 316-322... 

The Great Lakes have suffered the invasion of numerous exotic species of which the smelt, alewife and sea lamprey are probably the best known. More recently, two more species have entered the lakes probably via ballast water from foreign ships. The ruffe (Gymnocephalus cemuus) a small percid, feeds on the eggs and larvae of other percids and whitefish. The ruffe is currently considered to be a threat to Lake Superior s 5- 10 million whitefish fishery. The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) was discovered in Lake St. Clair in 1985 (31). It has subsequently been discovered at locations throughout the Great Lakes and is of major concern not only environmentally but economically. It has already colonized numerous industrial and domestic water intakes in sufficient numbers to entirely block water flow and is also an intermediate host to parasites which eventually invade fish. 

Hrabik TR, Magnuson JJ, McLain AS. 1998. Predicting the effects of rainbow smelt on native fishes in small lakes evidence from long-term research on two lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55 1364-1371. 

Copper discharges to the global biosphere are due primarily to human activities, especially mining, smelting, and refining copper and the treatment and recycling of municipal and industrial wastes. Some copper compounds, especially copper sulfate, also contribute to environmental copper burdens because they are widely and intensively used in confined geographic areas to control nuisance species of aquatic plants and invertebrates, diseases of terrestrial crop plants, and ectoparasites of fish and livestock. 

Anthropogenic activities (including fossil fuel combustion and metal smelting) and naturally seleniferous areas pose the greatest hazards to fish and wildlife. 

Among PFC fish contaminants, PFOS is the most crucial and prominent compound. Reports suggest no considerable differences in PFC concentrations among freshwater and marine fish species. PFOA is the second most frequently detected PFCs in fish, but it has been shown that PFOA is detected at much lower concentrations than is PFOS. Quantifiable concentrations of PFOA were detected in lake trout [125, 126], rainbow smelt, and alewife, with concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 6.8 ng/g wet weight (wwt). The difference between the observed PFOS and PFOA concentrations in fish suggests a lower potential of PFOA to bioaccumulate in fish as compared to PFOS. This observation was further confirmed by laboratory... 

Kucklick et al. [139] noted that bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Superior were among the most highly contaminated forage fish species with respect to toxaphene (1100 260 ng/g ww), higher than sculpin, smelt or herring. Stapleton et al. [138] found that bloaters in GTB displayed very low toxaphene concentrations (92 32 ng/g ww) compared to those in Lake Superior. 

The hexose monophosphate (Helly, 1976) and pentose phosphate (Hochachka and Hayes, 1962 Yamaguchi et al., 1976 Walsh, 1985 Malinovskaya, 1988 Kudryavtseva, 1990) shunts have also been found to increase in importance. The activity of transketolase, the enzyme which inhibits the peptide-phosphate pathway, is greater in fish from cold water, e.g. trout and smelt, than in those from warm water (Kudryavtseva, 1990). In the Black Sea horse-mackerel, a sharp decline in adenine nucleotide content (AMP, ADP and ATP) in white and red muscle tissues and in liver occurs at low temperature (Trusevich, 1978). In this case, the ATP is mosdy resynthesized by glycolysis. The increase in the glucose content of the blood of fish at low ambient temperatures may be of the same nature (Prosser, 1967 ... 

In the past, the fish used as food for man or farm animals was evaluated on the basis of protein and total lipid content, but nowadays the emphasis is on the biologically active substances such as polyenoic fatty acids, vitamins and antioxidants. Recent problems have arisen because of contamination with sewage, mineral oil and its by-products, heavy metals and radioactive pollutants. The bizarre finding of certain Tasmanian oysters, bred downstream from a zinc smelting plant, which contained 10% of zinc on a dry weight basis is an... 

Raymond, J.A. (1998). Trimethylamine oxide and urea synthesis in rainbow smelt and some other northern fishes. Physiol. Zool. 71 515-523. 

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