Copper discharge

Copper discharges to the global biosphere are due primarily to human activities, especially mining, smelting, and refining copper and the treatment and recycling of municipal and industrial wastes. Some copper compounds, especially copper sulfate, also contribute to environmental copper burdens because they are widely and intensively used in confined geographic areas to control nuisance species of aquatic plants and invertebrates, diseases of terrestrial crop plants, and ectoparasites of fish and livestock. 

U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2001) Streamlined Water-Effect Ratio Procedure for Copper Discharges, Report 822-R-01-005, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, D.C., 41... 

The metabolic defect in Wilson s disease is located in the liver on chromosome 13 close to the esterase-D locus (ATP 7B). (325,346,359) Apparently, this is a genetically determined disturbance of hepatobiliary copper discharge due to a defect in lysosomal copper-transporting ATPase, which is localized in the trans-Golgi network. As a result, apoceruloplasmin cannot be loaded with copper, and is therefore degraded. The reduced secretion of ceruloplasmin explains the low... 

Field current patterns imposed on the model were approximated from data collected by Southern California Edison (17), owners of the station. For purposes of the demonstration simulation, a changing sequence of currents was selected to represent the history of local transport over a half tidal cycle of 6 hr. It consisted of a 0.3 knot current down-coast (south) for the first hour while copper discharge was occurring, a null period of zero current velocity for 2 hr, and a 3-hr period of 0.3 knot current upcoast. Current vectors were directed parallel to the coastline and were considered to represent average velocities through the full depth of the water column. Dispersion characteristics of the nearshore waters were represented by values of = 3 m sec and Ey = 2 m sec in the mixing zone, and were increased to 4 m sec and 3 m sec for all other elements (16). They were maintained steadily at these values throughout the 6-hr period simulated. 

In Fig. 60.1, approximately 93 percent of the total amount of copper discharged was from the innerlayer and outerlayer etching process. The amount of copper discharged from the microetch baths (using sodium persulfate) was approximately the same as the copper contained in the rinses following acid copper and the microetch baths. That exact relationship is not always valid for every printed circuit board factory. 

Recovered copper metal can be sold. Minimizes the quantity of copper discharged. 

Copper Sulfate has been used in large systems. It is limited to an algae-cide, and due to copper discharge restrictions has limited use. ... 

Cuprous bromide. The solid salt may be prepared by dissolving 150 g. of copper sulphate crystals and 87 5 g. of sodium bromide dihydrate in 500 ml. of warm water, and then adding 38 g. of powdered sodium sulphite over a period of 5-10 minutes to the stirred solution. If the blue colour is not completely discharged, a little more sodium sulphite should be added. The mixture is then cooled, the precipitate is collected in a Buchner funnel, washed twice with water containing a little dissolved sulphurous acid, pressed with a glass stopper to remove most of the liquid, and then dried in an evaporating dish or in an air oven at 100 120°. The yield is about 80 g. 

If sphalerite is present in the ore the tailings from the lead flotation ceUs are discharged to another conditioner where copper sulfate is added and... 

To measure a residence-time distribution, a pulse of tagged feed is inserted into a continuous mill and the effluent is sampled on a schedule. If it is a dry miU, a soluble tracer such as salt or dye may be used and the samples analyzed conductimetricaUy or colorimetricaUy. If it is a wet mill, the tracer must be a solid of similar density to the ore. Materials hke copper concentrate, chrome brick, or barites have been used as tracers and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence. To plot results in log-normal coordinates, the concentration data must first be normalized from the form of Fig. 20-15 to the form of cumulative percent discharged, as in Fig. 20-16. For this, one must either know the total amount of pulse fed or determine it by a simple numerical integration... 

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